Open Decision Ledger · Civil obligations & remedies
Requirements for the Formation of a Purchase under a Letter of Credit and the Limits of the Principles of Independence and Abstraction
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Jan. 27, 2012, 2009Da93817 (judgment)
Case name: 신용장대금
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Is a purchase made on the basis of a notice of issuance without the original document and a deposit of USD 819,293.15 into a special deposit account valid?
Holding
The Supreme Court regards the notice of issuance as notification of the fact and contents of the issuance and holds that, even where the original is neither delivered nor presented, the notice and the purchase are valid. It distinguishes that a purchase may be made either by the immediate payment of actual consideration, such as cash or account deposit, or by the assumption of an unconditional obligation to pay on a fixed date. Since the USD 819,293.15 was placed in a special deposit account, the Court treats it as actual payment and approves the finding of the court below, which viewed the agreement to set off prior items for which payment had been refused as a separate security agreement and did not deny its effect. As for the shipping documents, only their conformity on their face needs to be examined; however, the Court drew the line that a bank that participated in the forgery, knew of it in advance, or had sufficient reason to suspect it may not receive the protection of the principles of independence and abstraction.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
[1] 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(UCP 600) 제2조와 제9조 제a항의 규정 내용에 비추어 보면, 통지은행의 신용장 개설통지란 통지은행이 수익자에게 개설은행의 신용장 개설 사실과 그 내용을 알리는 것에 불과할 뿐 반드시 신용장의 원본 제시나 교부를 필요로 하는 것은 아니며, 또한 매입은 단지 지정은행이 ‘환어음 및/또는 서류’ 자체를 매수하는 것을 의미하므로, 매입을 하면서도 신용장 원본의 제시나 교부가 반드시 필요하다고 할 수 없다
Unofficial English translation
[1] In light of the text of Article 2 and Article 9(a) of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, Sixth Revision (UCP 600), the advising bank's notification of the issuance of a letter of credit merely means that the advising bank informs the beneficiary of the fact of the issuing bank's issuance of the letter of credit and of its contents, and does not necessarily require the presentation or delivery of the original letter of credit; moreover, negotiation merely means that the nominated bank purchases the "drafts and/or documents" themselves, and therefore it cannot be regarded as the case that the presentation or delivery of the original letter of credit is necessarily required when making a negotiation.
Disposition
Dismissed Stated in the decision
상고를 기각한다
Unofficial English translation
The appeal is dismissed.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
[1] 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(UCP 600) 제2조와 제9조 제a항의 규정 내용에 비추어 보면, 통지은행의 신용장 개설통지란 통지은행이 수익자에게 개설은행의 신용장 개설 사실과 그 내용을 알리는 것에 불과할 뿐
Unofficial English translation
[1] In light of the text of Article 2 and Article 9(a) of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, Sixth Revision (UCP 600), the advising bank's notification of the issuance of a letter of credit merely means that the advising bank informs the beneficiary of the fact of the issuing bank's issuance of the letter of credit and of its contents
Factors
- 통지은행의 신용장 개설통지란 통지은행이 수익자에게 개설은행의 신용장 개설 사실과 그 내용을 알리는 것에 불과할 뿐 반드시 신용장의 원본 제시나 교부를 필요로 하는 것은 아니며
- 또한 매입은 단지 지정은행이 ‘환어음 및/또는 서류’ 자체를 매수하는 것을 의미하므로
- 선적서류가 위조(변조 또는 허위 작성을 포함한다)되었을 경우 은행이 위조에 가담한 당사자이거나 또는 서류의 위조 사실을 사전에 알았거나 그와 같이 의심할 만한 충분한 이유가 있는 경우에는
Unofficial English translation
• the advising bank's notification of the issuance of a letter of credit merely means that the advising bank informs the beneficiary of the fact of the issuing bank's issuance of the letter of credit and of its contents, and does not necessarily require the presentation or delivery of the original letter of credit,
• moreover, since negotiation merely means that the nominated bank purchases the "drafts and/or documents" themselves,
• where the shipping documents have been forged (including alteration or false preparation), if the bank is a party that has participated in the forgery, or knew of the fact of forgery of the documents in advance, or had sufficient reason to suspect the same,
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
[2][4] 대법원 2002. 10. 11. 선고 2000다60296 판결(공2002하, 2663)
Unofficial English translation
[2][4] Supreme Court Decision 2000Da60296 decided October 11, 2002 (Gong 2002 Ha, 2663)
Decisions referred to
[2][4] 대법원 2002. 10. 11. 선고 2000다60296 판결(공2002하, 2663)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
To what extent may consideration tied up in a special deposit account and a planned set-off be treated as actual payment, and at what point may suspicion of fraud be raised?
Where a record of the conformity on their face of the shipping documents is supplemented by materials showing awareness of the forgery, the availability of the protection of the principles of independence and abstraction is examined again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
8 of 8 axes matched Gemini 3.1 Pro · 2026-10-16
The result of a cross-line AI independent reading agrees with the first reading on all eight axes. The classification of the operative part, the verbatim quotation of the Summary of Decision, Form of the test, Factors, Relation to precedent, and Burden of proof accords with the language of the original text.
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: In a case in which the validity of the notice of issuance of a letter of credit and of the purchase, the method of payment of the purchase price, and the protection of the principles of independence and abstraction against forgery were at issue, the Supreme Court approved the findings of the court below and dismissed the appeal. The Supreme Court upheld the finding of the court below, which treated the deposit of the purchase price into a special deposit account as the immediate payment of actual consideration and regarded the agreement concerning the subject of set-off and security as a separate agreement.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court regards the notice of issuance as notification of the fact and contents of the issuance and holds that, even where the original is neither delivered nor presented, the notice and the purchase are valid. It distinguishes that a purchase may be made either by the immediate payment of actual consideration, such as cash or account deposit, or by the assumption of an unconditional obligation to pay on a fixed date. Since the USD 819,293.15 was placed in a special deposit account, the Court treats it as actual payment and approves the finding of the court below, which viewed the agreement to set off prior items for which payment had been refused as a separate security agreement and did not deny its effect. As for the shipping documents, only their conformity on their face needs to be examined; however, the Court drew the line that a bank that participated in the forgery, knew of it in advance, or had sufficient reason to suspect it may not receive the protection of the principles of independence and abstraction. The Supreme Court dismisses the appeal on the standard that, even where the original of the letter of credit is neither delivered nor presented, the notice of issuance and the purchase are lawful and valid, that a purchase is effected by the immediate payment of actual consideration or by the assumption of an unconditional payment obligation, and that where there is participation in the forgery, prior knowledge of it, or sufficient reason to suspect it, the protection of the principles of independence and abstraction may not be received.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where there is neither the immediate payment of actual consideration nor the assumption of an unconditional and absolute obligation to pay on a fixed date
- A case in which the bank is a party that participated in the forgery, or knew of the forgery of the documents in advance, or had sufficient reason to suspect it
Record verification notes
When applying the legal principle of Supreme Court Decision 2009Da93817 to other cases, the circumstances of the notice of issuance of the letter of credit and of the purchase, the method of payment of the consideration, and the circumstances relating to the forgery of the shipping documents must first be verified. Independent of whether the original of the letter of credit was delivered or presented, it must be examined whether the notice and the purchase were made, and whether there was the immediate payment of actual consideration, such as cash or account deposit, or the assumption of an unconditional obligation to pay on a fixed date. It must also be checked together whether the shipping documents conform on their face, and whether the bank participated in the forgery, knew of it in advance, or had sufficient reason to suspect it.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 신용장 원본을 교부하지 않고 한 신용장 개설통지나 신용장 원본을 제시받지 않고 한 신용장 매입이 적법·유효한지 여부(적극) [2] 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(UCP 600) 제2조에서 정한 ‘매입’의 의미 [3] 갑 은행이 을 주식회사의 신용장 매입의뢰에 따라 매입대금을 을 회사의 별단예금 계좌에 입금하면서, 매입대금을 위 계좌에 입금해 두었다가 신용장 대금이 갑 은행에 지급되면 기존에 지급거절된 신용장 매입대금을 위 계좌에서 상계하고 잔액을 을 회사가 인출하여 사용하기로 을 회사와 합의한 사안에서, 갑 은행이 신용장 매입에 관하여 현실적인 대가를 즉시 지급하였다고 본 원심판단을 수긍한 사례 [4] 신용장 매입은행이 선적서류의 위조에 가담하였거나 또는 위조 사실을 사전에 알았거나 그와 같이 의심할 충분한 이유가 있는 경우, 신용장 독립·추상성의 원칙에 의한 보호를 받을 수 있는지 여부(소극)
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether the notification of the issuance of a letter of credit made without delivering the original letter of credit, or the negotiation of a letter of credit undertaken without being presented with the original letter of credit, is lawful and valid (affirmative) [2] The meaning of "negotiation" as defined in Article 2 of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, Sixth Revision (UCP 600) [3] In a case where, upon a request for negotiation of a letter of credit from Company B, Bank A deposited the negotiation proceeds into Company B's separate deposit account, and Bank A and Company B agreed that the negotiation proceeds would be left deposited in the said account, that when the amount under the letter of credit was paid to Bank A, the previously dishonored negotiation proceeds under the letter of credit would be set off from the said account, and that Company B would withdraw and use the balance, a case in which the determination of the court below, holding that Bank A immediately paid real consideration in respect of the negotiation of the letter of credit, is affirmed [4] Whether a negotiating bank may be afforded the protection of the principle of independence and abstraction of letters of credit where it has participated in the forgery of the shipping documents, or knew of the fact of forgery in advance, or had sufficient reason to suspect the same (negative)
Summary of the holding
[1] 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(UCP 600) 제2조와 제9조 제a항의 규정 내용에 비추어 보면, 통지은행의 신용장 개설통지란 통지은행이 수익자에게 개설은행의 신용장 개설 사실과 그 내용을 알리는 것에 불과할 뿐 반드시 신용장의 원본 제시나 교부를 필요로 하는 것은 아니며, 또한 매입은 단지 지정은행이 ‘환어음 및/또는 서류’ 자체를 매수하는 것을 의미하므로, 매입을 하면서도 신용장 원본의 제시나 교부가 반드시 필요하다고 할 수 없다. 따라서 통지은행이 수익자에게 신용장 개설통지를 할 때 신용장 원본을 교부하지 않거나 혹은 매입은행이 수익자로부터 신용장 관련 서류를 매입할 때 신용장 원본을 제시받지 않았다 하더라도 그러한 신용장 개설통지나 매입도 여전히 적법·유효하다. [2] ‘매입(Negotiation)’에 관한 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(UCP 600) 제2조의 규정 내용에 비추어 보면, 서류의 매입은 매입을 수권받은 지정은행이 현금, 구좌입금 등의 방법으로 수익자에게 현실적인 대가를 즉시 지급하거나 대금지급 채무를 부담하는 방법 등에 의하여 이루어질 수 있고, 여기서 후자의 방법에 의한 매입은 매입은행이 특정 일자에 수익자에게 대가를 확정적으로 지급하기로 하는 무조건적이고 절대적인 채무를 부담함으로써 현실적인 대가의 즉시 지급에 갈음할 수 있는 경우를 의미한다. [3] 갑 은행이 을 주식회사의 신용장 매입의뢰에 따라 신용장과 요구서류를 제시받은 다음 신용장 매입대금을 을 회사의 별단예금 계좌에 입금하면서, 매입대금을 위 계좌에 입금해 두었다가 신용장 대금이 갑 은행에 지급되면 기존에 지급거절된 신용장 매입대금 중 2건을 위 계좌에서 상계하고 잔액을 을 회사가 인출하여 사용하기로 을 회사와 합의한 사안에서, 갑 은행이 매입대금을 을 회사의 별단예금 계좌에 입금한 이상 신용장 매입에 관하여 현실적인 대가를 즉시 지급하였다고 보아야 하고, 위 합의는 을 회사가 갑 은행에 다른 신용장 매입대금을 상환할 채무를 부담하고 있는 상황에서 별단예금 계좌에 입금된 돈을 상계 대상으로 삼아 다른 신용장 매입대금의 담보로 하기로 하는 별도 합의에 불과하므로, 이로 인하여 갑 은행이 현실적 대가를 즉시 지급한 효력은 부정되지 않는다고 본 원심판단을 수긍한 사례. [4] 화환신용장에 의한 거래는 본질적으로 서류에 의한 거래이지 상품에 의한 거래가 아니므로, 은행은 상당한 주의를 기울여 선적서류가 문면상 신용장의 조건과 일치하는지만 확인하면 되고 선적서류에 대한 실질적인 심사의무까지 부담하지는 않으나, 선적서류가 위조(변조 또는 허위 작성을 포함한다)되었을 경우 은행이 위조에 가담한 당사자이거나 또는 서류의 위조 사실을 사전에 알았거나 그와 같이 의심할 만한 충분한 이유가 있는 경우에는, 이는 신용장거래를 빙자한 사기거래에 지나지 아니하므로 은행은 더 이상 이른바 신용장 독립·추상성의 원칙에 의한 보호를 받을 수 없다.
Order
상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고가 부담한다.
Unofficial English translation
The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the final appeal shall be borne by the defendant.
Provisions referred to
[1] 신용장통일규칙(The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 Revision, ICC Publication no. 600) 제2조, 제9조 제a항 [2] 신용장통일규칙(The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 Revision, ICC Publication no. 600) 제2조 [3] 신용장통일규칙(The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 Revision, ICC Publication no. 600) 제2조 [4] 신용장통일규칙(The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 Revision, ICC Publication no. 600) 제4조, 제5조, 제14조 제a항, 제15조 제a항, 민법 제2조
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