In writing only: email and e-filing

KSTGeneral information, not legal advice

Open Decision Ledger · Rehabilitation & bankruptcy

Priority Beneficial Right and Order of Determining a Fraudulent Act in a Trust for Security

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Apr. 12, 2018, 2016Da223357 (judgment)

Case name: 사해행위취소

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Does an apartment transfer in payment constitute a fraudulent act after a trust for security with a benefit limit of KRW 2.6 billion is terminated?

  2. Holding

    The priority beneficial right is not a security interest but a right under the trust contract to receive payment in priority out of the proceeds of disposition. The second trust contract was terminated by the termination request dated July 23, 2012, and the defendant company became unable to exercise the beneficial right. Since the seller under the purchase and sale agreement and the party effecting the registration was DM Industrial Development, and the trustee was not involved in settlement, the transfer cannot be regarded as part of the disposition and conversion into money. The court below held, on the premise that the priority beneficial right subsisted, that the transfer in payment was not a fraudulent act; this was erroneous as a misapprehension of legal principles. In the subrogation claim against Defendant 2 and Defendant 3, the recognition of uncollected receivables and set-off based on, among others, the audit report also departed from the limits of free evaluation of evidence, contrary to logic and experience, or failed to complete the examination.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    [1] 신탁행위로 정한 바에 따라 수익자로 지정된 사람은 당연히 수익권을 취득한다(신탁법 제56조 제1항). 신탁재산에 속한 재산의 인도와 그 밖에 신탁재산에 기한 급부를 요구하는 청구권이 수익권의 주된 내용을 이루지만, 수익자는 그 외에도 신탁법상 수익자의 지위에서 여러 가지 권능을 가지며, 수익권의 구체적인 내용은 특별한 사정이 없는 한 계약자유의 원칙에 따라 신탁계약에서 다양한 내용으로 정할 수 있다

    Unofficial English translation

    [1] A person designated as the beneficiary in accordance with what is provided by the act of trust naturally acquires a beneficial right (Article 56(1) of the Trust Act). The claim for the delivery of property belonging to the trust property and other performance based on the trust property constitutes the principal content of the beneficial right, but the beneficiary also has various powers by virtue of the status of a beneficiary under the Trust Act, and unless there are special circumstances, the specific content of the beneficial right may be stipulated in various terms in the trust agreement in accordance with the principle of freedom of contract
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    [1] 신탁행위로 정한 바에 따라 수익자로 지정된 사람은 당연히 수익권을 취득한다(신탁법 제56조 제1항). 신탁재산에 속한 재산의 인도와 그 밖에 신탁재산에 기한 급부를 요구하는 청구권이 수익권의 주된 내용을 이루지만, 수익자는 그 외에도 신탁법상 수익자의 지위에서 여러 가지 권능을 가지며, 수익권의 구체적인 내용은 특별한 사정이 없는 한 계약자유의 원칙에 따라 신탁계약에서 다양한 내용으로 정할 수 있다

    Unofficial English translation

    [1] A person designated as the beneficiary in accordance with what is provided by the act of trust naturally acquires a beneficial right (Article 56(1) of the Trust Act). The claim for the delivery of property belonging to the trust property and other performance based on the trust property constitutes the principal content of the beneficial right, but the beneficiary also has various powers by virtue of the status of a beneficiary under the Trust Act, and unless there are special circumstances, the specific content of the beneficial right may be stipulated in various terms in the trust agreement in accordance with the principle of freedom of contract
  5. Factors

    • 수익자는 그 외에도 신탁법상 수익자의 지위에서 여러 가지 권능을 가지며
    • 수익권의 구체적인 내용은 특별한 사정이 없는 한 계약자유의 원칙에 따라 신탁계약에서 다양한 내용으로 정할 수 있다
    • 우선수익권은 구 신탁법이나 신탁법에서 규정한 법률 용어는 아니나

    Unofficial English translation

    • the beneficiary also has various powers by virtue of the status of a beneficiary under the Trust Act, and

    • unless there are special circumstances, the specific content of the beneficial right may be stipulated in various terms in the trust agreement in accordance with the principle of freedom of contract

    • although a priority beneficial right is not a legal term prescribed in the former Trust Act or the Trust Act,

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    [1] 대법원 2017. 6. 22. 선고 2014다225809 전원합의체 판결(공2017하, 1534) / [3] 대법원 1982. 8. 24. 선고 82다카317 판결(공1982, 877), 대법원 2006. 11. 24. 선고 2006다35766 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    [1] Supreme Court en banc judgment 2014Da225809 decided June 22, 2017 (Gong 2017 Ha, 1534) / [3] Supreme Court Decision 82DaKa317 decided August 24, 1982 (Gong 1982, 877), Supreme Court Decision 2006Da35766 decided November 24, 2006

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 2017. 6. 22. 선고 2014다225809 전원합의체 판결(공2017하, 1534) / [3] 대법원 1982. 8. 24. 선고 82다카317 판결(공1982, 877), 대법원 2006. 11. 24. 선고 2006다35766 판결

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    Can a priority beneficial right that has been extinguished by termination of the trust be revived merely by the circumstances of the registration?

    Revisit when Records emerge showing a disposition request and the trustee's intervention in settlement.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

8 of 8 axes matched Gemini 3.1 Pro · 2026-10-16

The independent reading by cross-family AI agrees with the first reading on all eight axes. The disposition, the quoted original text of the Summary of Decision, Form of the test, Factors, Relation to precedent, and the classification of Burden of proof conform to the wording of the original text.

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: At the time the transfer in payment agreement in this case was concluded, since the market price of the apartment was less than the total of the amount of the secured claim under the prior-ranking maximum amount mortgage and the amount of the loan claim secured by B's priority beneficial right, the court below held that the apartment had never been part of the common collateral of A's general creditors. Accordingly, it held that even if A provided the apartment to B as a transfer in payment, this could not be termed a fraudulent act. It also held that A's briefly completing the registration of ownership transfer was part of the settlement and conversion into money under the trust contract, and that B's priority beneficial right could not be deemed lost thereby.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court premised that the priority beneficial right is not a security interest but a right under the trust contract to receive payment in priority out of the proceeds of disposition. In light of the fact that, for the performance of the transfer in payment agreement, both the seller under the purchase and sale agreement and the party effecting the registration of ownership transfer to B were A, and that the trustee was not involved in the receipt of the price or in settlement, the Court held that the transfer in payment agreement was not part of the disposition and conversion into money provided in the trust contract, and that the trust contract had been terminated so that B could no longer exercise the beneficial right as the priority beneficiary. The judgment of the court below, which held contrary to this that the transfer in payment agreement did not constitute a fraudulent act, is erroneous in that it misapprehended legal principles, including those concerning the grounds for termination and extinction of a real estate trust for security contract and the legal nature of the priority beneficial right. The Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below and remanded the Case to the Seoul High Court.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where the trust contract remains in force without being terminated and the priority beneficiary can exercise the beneficial right
  • Where a transfer having the character of a transfer in payment was effected through disposition in the name of the trustee and settlement, as part of the disposition and conversion into money provided in the trust

Record verification notes

When applying the legal principle of Supreme Court Decision 2016Da223357 to other cases, first confirm whether the priority beneficial right can be exercised, depending on whether the trust contract has been terminated and has ceased to exist and on the clause governing the period of validity of the beneficial right. Cross-check the purchase and sale agreement and the name under which the registration of ownership transfer was made and other indications of whether it formed part of the disposition and conversion into money, against the accuracy of the basis for recognizing set-off, such as the audit report and accounting books.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 부동산담보신탁계약에서 우선수익권의 의미와 법적 성질(=신탁계약상 권리) [2] 갑 주식회사가 을 주식회사에 대한 채무를 담보하기 위해 신탁회사인 병 주식회사와 갑 회사 소유의 아파트에 관하여 우선수익자를 을 회사로 하는 부동산담보신탁계약을 체결하였는데, 그 후 갑 회사가 을 회사의 동의를 받아 신탁계약을 해지하고 갑 회사 명의로 아파트에 관한 소유권이전등기를 마친 다음, 같은 날 을 회사와 대물변제계약을 체결하여 을 회사에 아파트에 관한 소유권이전등기를 마쳐주자, 갑 회사의 채권자인 국가가 대물변제계약이 사해행위에 해당한다며 을 회사를 상대로 사해행위취소를 구한 사안에서, 신탁계약이 해지로 종료하여 신탁계약상 을 회사가 더 이상 우선수익자로서 수익권을 행사할 수 없는데도 대물변제계약이 사해행위에 해당하지 않는다고 판단한 원심판결에 법리오해 등 잘못이 있다고 한 사례 [3] 자유심증주의의 한계

Unofficial English translation

[1] Meaning and legal nature of a priority beneficial right under a real estate mortgage trust agreement (= a right under the trust agreement) [2] A case in which, where Company A concluded a real estate mortgage trust agreement with Company C, the trustee, with Company B as the priority beneficiary, over an apartment owned by Company A in order to secure Company A's debt to Company B, and thereafter Company A, with the consent of Company B, terminated the trust agreement and completed the registration of the transfer of ownership of the apartment in Company A's name, and then, on the same day, concluded a payment in kind agreement with Company B and completed the registration of the transfer of ownership of the apartment to Company B, and the State, a creditor of Company A, sought cancellation of a fraudulent act against Company B on the ground that the payment in kind agreement constituted a fraudulent act, the judgment of the court below held, in a case where the trust agreement had terminated and Company B could no longer exercise its beneficial right as a priority beneficiary under the trust agreement, that the payment in kind agreement did not constitute a fraudulent act, and the Supreme Court held that the judgment of the court below was in error, inter alia, through misapprehension of legal principles [3] Limits of the principle of free evaluation of evidence

Summary of the holding

[1] 신탁행위로 정한 바에 따라 수익자로 지정된 사람은 당연히 수익권을 취득한다(신탁법 제56조 제1항). 신탁재산에 속한 재산의 인도와 그 밖에 신탁재산에 기한 급부를 요구하는 청구권이 수익권의 주된 내용을 이루지만, 수익자는 그 외에도 신탁법상 수익자의 지위에서 여러 가지 권능을 가지며, 수익권의 구체적인 내용은 특별한 사정이 없는 한 계약자유의 원칙에 따라 신탁계약에서 다양한 내용으로 정할 수 있다. 우선수익권은 구 신탁법이나 신탁법에서 규정한 법률 용어는 아니나, 거래 관행상 통상 부동산담보신탁계약에서 우선수익자로 지정된 채권자가 채무자의 채무불이행 시에 신탁재산 처분을 요청하고 처분대금에서 자신의 채권을 위탁자인 채무자나 그 밖의 다른 채권자들에 우선하여 변제받을 수 있는 권리를 말한다. 우선수익권은 수익급부의 순위가 다른 수익자에 앞선다는 점을 제외하면 그 법적 성질은 일반적인 수익권과 다르지 않다. 채권자는 담보신탁을 통하여 담보물권을 얻는 것이 아니라 신탁이라는 법적 형식을 통하여 도산 절연 및 담보적 기능이라는 경제적 효과를 달성하게 되는 것일 뿐이므로, 그 우선수익권은 우선 변제적 효과를 채권자에게 귀속시킬 수 있는 신탁계약상 권리이다. [2] 갑 주식회사가 을 주식회사에 대한 채무를 담보하기 위해 신탁회사인 병 주식회사와 갑 회사 소유의 아파트에 관하여 우선수익자를 을 회사로 하는 부동산담보신탁계약을 체결하였는데, 그 후 갑 회사가 을 회사의 동의를 받아 신탁계약을 해지하고 갑 회사 명의로 아파트에 관한 소유권이전등기를 마친 다음, 같은 날 을 회사와 대물변제계약을 체결하여 을 회사에 아파트에 관한 소유권이전등기를 마쳐주자, 갑 회사의 채권자인 국가가 대물변제계약이 사해행위에 해당한다며 을 회사를 상대로 사해행위취소를 구한 사안에서, 대물변제계약의 이행을 위하여 작성한 분양계약서에 매도인이 병 회사가 아닌 갑 회사로 기재되어 있는 점, 을 회사에 아파트에 관한 소유권이전등기를 마쳐준 것도 병 회사가 아닌 갑 회사인 점 등에 비추어 대물변제계약이 신탁계약에서 정한 처분·환가의 일환으로 체결된 것이라고 보기 어렵고, 오히려 신탁계약이 해지로 종료하여 ‘우선수익자가 갖는 수익권의 유효기간은 신탁계약에 따른 우선수익자의 채권발생일부터 신탁계약 종료일까지로 한다’는 내용의 신탁계약 조항에 따라 을 회사가 더 이상 우선수익자로서 수익권을 행사할 수 없는데도, 이와 달리 보아 대물변제계약이 사해행위에 해당하지 않는다고 판단한 원심판결에 부동산담보신탁계약의 해지 및 종료 사유와 우선수익권의 법적 성질 등에 관한 법리오해 등 잘못이 있다고 한 사례. [3] 민사소송법 제202조가 선언하고 있는 자유심증주의는 형식적, 법률적인 증거규칙으로부터의 해방을 뜻할 뿐 법관의 자의적인 판단을 용인한다는 것이 아니므로 적법한 증거조사절차를 거쳐 증거능력 있는 적법한 증거에 의하여 사회정의와 형평의 이념에 입각하여 논리와 경험의 법칙에 따라 사실 주장의 진실 여부를 판단하여야 할 것이며 비록 사실의 인정이 사실심의 전권에 속한다고 하더라도 이와 같은 제약에서 벗어날 수 없다.

Order

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

Provisions referred to

[1] 신탁법 제56조 제1항, 민법 제105조 [2] 신탁법 제56조 제1항, 민법 제105조, 제406조 [3] 민사소송법 제202조

Read 2026-10-15 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

Back to the ledger
You are reading PRO SE
RISCON Labsrisconlabs.com