Open Decision Ledger · Civil procedure & enforcement
Refusal of Enforcement of a Foreign Arbitral Award and the Standard for Objection to the Enforcement of a Claim
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Dec. 13, 2018, 2016Da49931 (judgment)
Case name: 집행판결[외국 중재판정의 집행판결에서 집행거부사유의 존부가 문제되는 사건]
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
If the tax assumed in the arbitral award was later substantially reduced, may enforcement of a foreign arbitral award of USD 32,601,248 be refused?
Holding
It was held that even if the composition of the arbitral tribunal and the procedure depart from the agreement, recognition and enforcement may be refused only when the infringement of procedural rights is so grave as to be intolerable. The position is that where a ground for objection to the enforcement of a claim arose after the award was rendered and allowing enforcement would be contrary to fundamental principles, enforcement may be refused under Article 5, paragraph (2), subparagraph (b) of the New York Convention. It was held that enforcement cannot be refused merely because the award is out of line with the substantive legal relationship or the party knew of it, but may be refused where there is an abuse of rights or a violation of good morals and public order. The standard is that where a ground falling under the grounds for retrial under the Civil Procedure Act exists, enforcement is manifestly unjust, and it is clear that tolerating it is contrary to justice, this constitutes a ground for objection to the enforcement of a claim. The composition of the tribunal in this case and the arguments under the Asset-Backed Securities Act were not accepted, and the reduction of the corporate tax was treated as an abuse of rights, so the portion of USD 32,601,248 was reversed and remanded.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
[1] 중재제도의 특성에 비추어 볼 때 중재판정부의 구성은 중재합의와 중재절차의 가장 핵심적이고 본질적인 요소 중 하나로서 중재판정부의 구성에 당사자 간의 합의를 위반한 사항이 있을 때에는 중재판정부의 권한에 관한 근간이 흔들리게 된다
Unofficial English translation
[1] In light of the characteristics of the arbitration system, the constitution of the arbitral tribunal is one of the most core and essential elements of the arbitration agreement and the arbitral proceedings, and where there is a matter in the constitution of the arbitral tribunal that violates the agreement between the parties, the very foundation of the arbitral tribunal's competence is shaken
Disposition
Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결 중 미화 32,601,248달러 부분에 관한 피고 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다
Unofficial English translation
The portion of the judgment of the court below in which the defendant lost with respect to the amount of USD 32,601,248 is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court
Form of the test
Circumstances weighed Stated in the decision
[1] 중재제도의 특성에 비추어 볼 때 중재판정부의 구성은 중재합의와 중재절차의 가장 핵심적이고 본질적인 요소 중 하나로서 중재판정부의 구성에 당사자 간의 합의를 위반한 사항이 있을 때에는 중재판정부의 권한에 관한
Unofficial English translation
[1] In light of the characteristics of the arbitration system, the constitution of the arbitral tribunal is one of the most core and essential elements of the arbitration agreement and the arbitral proceedings, and where there is a matter in the constitution of the arbitral tribunal that violates the agreement between the parties, the basis of the arbitral tribunal's competence
Factors
- 임의규정을 위반할 때 중재판정의 승인이나 집행을 거절할 수 있도록 규정하고 있다
- 그러나 위 규정에서 정한 중재판정 승인·집행거절사유에 해당하려면 단순히 당사자의 합의나 임의규정을 위반하였다는 것만으로는 부족하고
- 해당 중재절차에 의한 당사자의 절차적 권리에 대한 침해의 정도가 현저하여 용인할 수 없는 경우라야 한다
Unofficial English translation
• it provides that recognition or enforcement of an arbitral award may be refused where a non-mandatory provision is violated
• However, in order for a case to fall under a ground for refusing recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award as provided in the above provision, it is not sufficient merely that a party's agreement or a non-mandatory provision has been violated, and
• it must be a case where the degree of infringement of a party's procedural rights in the relevant arbitral proceedings is so substantial as to be intolerable
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
[1] 대법원 2017. 12. 22. 선고 2017다238837 판결(공2018상, 319)
Unofficial English translation
[1] Supreme Court Decision 2017Da238837 decided December 22, 2017 (Gong 2018 Sang, 319)
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2017. 12. 22. 선고 2017다238837 판결(공2018상, 319), 대법원 2018. 4. 10. 선고 2017다240991, 241000 판결 / [2] 대법원 2003. 4. 11. 선고 2001다20134 판결(공2003상, 1148) / [3] 대법원 2005. 12. 23. 선고 2004다8814 판결(공2006상, 167)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
If the tax in dispute after the award, KRW 20,872,365,420, is reduced to KRW 560,692,880, to what extent is enforcement as it stands permitted?
The holding will be revisited when the extent to which the administrative disposition underlying the award was changed by other litigation or dispositions after the award, and the effect on enforcement, become apparent.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
8 of 8 axes matched Gemini 3.1 Pro · 2026-10-16
The cross-family AI independent reading result agrees with the first reading on all 8 axes. The disposition, the direct quotation of the Summary of Decision, the form of the test, the factors, the relation to precedent, and the classification of the burden of proof accord with the wording of the original.
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below held that, because the arbitral tribunal was constituted in accordance with the arbitration clause in this case and the Arbitration Rules of the International Chamber of Commerce, there is no ground for refusal of recognition and enforcement under Article 5, paragraph (1), subparagraph (d) of the New York Convention. It held that the plaintiff did not violate the Asset-Backed Securities Act and that, even assuming such a violation, it does not constitute a violation of public policy under Article 5, paragraph (2), subparagraph (b) of the New York Convention. The refund of the tax claim is, after the monies paid pursuant to the arbitral award are returned, distributed as a liquidating dividend to ○○○ Fund 3 and the defendant under the shareholders' agreement; therefore, it held that no ground for objection to the enforcement of a claim exists merely by reason of the tax having been refunded. It also rejected the plaintiff's claim for delay damages.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the court below's determinations on the composition of the arbitral tribunal, on the Asset-Backed Securities Act and public policy, and the rejection of the claim for delay damages were each proper. However, the assessment disposition for corporate tax and the like underlying the arbitral award was substantially reduced and finalized through other litigation and administrative dispositions after the award was rendered, so that the contents of the arbitral award no longer accord with the substantive legal relationship; accordingly, allowing enforcement of this portion constitutes an abuse of rights or a ground for objection to the enforcement of a claim as being contrary to good morals and public order, and the court below misapprehended legal principles. In its disposition, the Supreme Court reversed the part of the judgment of the court below in which the defendant lost, concerning the portion of USD 32,601,248, and remanded this part of the case to the Seoul High Court, and dismissed both the plaintiff's final appeal and the defendant's remaining final appeal.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the parties' agreement or the default rules were merely violated and the infringement of procedural rights did not reach such a grave degree as to be intolerable
- Cases where the foreign arbitral award is merely out of line with the substantive legal relationship and thus unjust, or where the enforcement creditor knew of such circumstances and nothing more
Record verification notes
When applying the legal principle of Supreme Court Decision 2016Da49931 to other cases, first confirm whether the composition of the arbitral tribunal and the procedure conform to the arbitration agreement and the applicable arbitration rules, and the degree of the infringement of procedural rights. Examine whether a ground for objection to the enforcement of a claim under enforcement law arose after the arbitral award was rendered, and whether allowing that enforcement would be contrary to fundamental principles, on the basis of the course of oral argument. Note that enforcement cannot be refused merely on the ground of inconsistency with the substantive legal relationship, and examine whether there is an abuse of rights or a violation of good morals and public order comprehensively, from the nature of the right and the circumstances of its creation through to the effect at the time enforcement is permitted.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 외국중재판정의 승인 및 집행에 관한 유엔협약 제5조 제1항 (d)호에서 정한 중재판정 승인·집행거절사유에 해당하려면 해당 중재절차에 의한 당사자의 절차적 권리에 대한 침해의 정도가 현저하여 용인할 수 없어야 하는지 여부(적극) [2] 외국 중재판정의 성립 이후 집행법상 청구이의의 사유가 발생한 경우, 집행재판의 단계에서 외국중재판정의 승인 및 집행에 관한 유엔협약 제5조 제2항 (b)호를 적용하여 중재판정의 집행을 거부할 수 있는지 여부(적극) [3] 외국 중재판정이 단순히 실체적 권리관계에 배치되어 부당하거나 중재판정에 기한 집행 채권자가 그러한 사정을 알고 있었다는 것만으로 중재판정에 따른 집행을 거부할 수 있는지 여부(소극) 및 중재판정에 따른 집행이 권리남용에 해당하거나 공서양속에 반한다는 이유로 집행을 거부할 수 있는지 여부(적극) / 외국 중재판정의 내용이 실체적 권리관계에 배치되는 경우에 권리남용 등에 이르렀는지 판단하는 기준 및 외국 중재판정에 민사소송법상의 재심사유에 해당하는 사유가 있어 집행이 현저히 부당하고 상대방으로 하여금 집행을 수인하도록 하는 것이 정의에 반함이 명백하여 사회생활상 용인할 수 없을 정도에 이르렀다고 인정되는 경우, 이를 청구이의 사유로 삼을 수 있는지 여부(적극)
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether, in order for a case to fall under a ground for refusing recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award as provided in Article V(1)(d) of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, the degree of infringement of a party's procedural rights in the relevant arbitral proceedings must be so substantial as to be intolerable (affirmative) [2] Whether, where a ground for objection to the enforcement of a claim under enforcement law arises after a foreign arbitral award has been rendered, the enforcement of the arbitral award may be refused by applying Article V(2)(b) of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards at the stage of the enforcement proceedings (affirmative) [3] Whether enforcement of an arbitral award may be refused merely because the foreign arbitral award is contrary to and unjust in light of the substantive rights and relations between the parties, or merely because the enforcement creditor under the arbitral award knew of such circumstances (negative), and whether enforcement of an arbitral award may be refused on the ground that the enforcement constitutes an abuse of rights or contravenes good morals and public order (affirmative) / The criteria for determining whether abuse of rights or the like has occurred where the content of a foreign arbitral award is contrary to the substantive rights and relations between the parties, and whether, where a foreign arbitral award involves a ground for retrial under the Civil Procedure Act and the enforcement is so manifestly unjust, and compelling the opposing party to tolerate the enforcement is so clearly contrary to justice as to be intolerable in social life, such circumstances may be taken as a ground for objection to the enforcement of a claim (affirmative)
Summary of the holding
[1] 중재제도의 특성에 비추어 볼 때 중재판정부의 구성은 중재합의와 중재절차의 가장 핵심적이고 본질적인 요소 중 하나로서 중재판정부의 구성에 당사자 간의 합의를 위반한 사항이 있을 때에는 중재판정부의 권한에 관한 근간이 흔들리게 된다. 외국중재판정의 승인 및 집행에 관한 유엔협약 제5조 제1항 (d)호는 중재판정의 기초가 된 중재판정부의 구성이나 중재절차가 당사자의 중재합의에 합치하지 아니하거나, 임의규정을 위반할 때 중재판정의 승인이나 집행을 거절할 수 있도록 규정하고 있다. 그러나 위 규정에서 정한 중재판정 승인·집행거절사유에 해당하려면 단순히 당사자의 합의나 임의규정을 위반하였다는 것만으로는 부족하고, 해당 중재절차에 의한 당사자의 절차적 권리에 대한 침해의 정도가 현저하여 용인할 수 없는 경우라야 한다. [2] 외국 중재판정은 확정판결과 동일한 효력이 있어 기판력이 있으므로 대상이 된 청구권의 존재가 확정되고, 집행판결을 통하여 집행력을 부여받으면 우리나라 법률상의 강제집행절차로 나아갈 수 있게 된다. 집행판결은 변론종결 시를 기준으로 하여 집행력의 유무를 판단하는 재판이므로, 중재판정의 성립 이후 집행법상 청구이의의 사유가 발생하여 중재판정문에 터잡아 강제집행절차를 밟아 나가도록 허용하는 것이 우리나라 법의 기본적 원리에 반한다는 사정이 집행재판의 변론과정에서 드러난 경우에 법원은 외국중재판정의 승인 및 집행에 관한 유엔협약 제5조 제2항 (b)호의 공공질서 위반에 해당하는 것으로 보아 중재판정의 집행을 거부할 수 있다. [3] 외국 중재판정이 단순히 실체적 권리관계에 배치되어 부당하거나 중재판정에 기한 집행 채권자가 그러한 사정을 알고 있었다는 것만으로는 중재판정에 따른 집행을 거부할 수 없다. 그러나 확정판결과 동일한 효력을 갖게 된 외국 중재판정에 따른 권리라 하더라도 신의에 좇아 성실하게 행사되어야 하고 이에 기한 집행이 권리남용에 해당하거나 공서양속에 반하는 경우에는 허용되지 않는다. 외국 중재판정의 내용이 실체적 권리관계에 배치되는 경우에 권리남용 등에 이르렀는지에 관하여는, 권리의 성질과 내용, 중재판정의 성립 경위 및 성립 후 집행판결에 이르기까지의 사정, 이에 대한 집행이 허가될 때 당사자에게 미치는 영향 등 제반 사정을 종합하여 살펴보아야 한다. 특히 외국 중재판정에 민사소송법상의 재심사유에 해당하는 사유가 있어 집행이 현저히 부당하고 상대방으로 하여금 집행을 수인하도록 하는 것이 정의에 반함이 명백하여 사회생활상 용인할 수 없을 정도에 이르렀다고 인정되는 경우에 중재판정의 집행을 구하는 것은 권리남용에 해당하거나 공서양속에 반하므로 이를 청구이의 사유로 삼을 수 있다.
Order
원심판결 중 미화 32,601,248달러 부분에 관한 피고 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다. 원고의 상고와 피고의 나머지 상고를 모두 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The portion of the judgment of the court below in which the defendant lost with respect to the amount of USD 32,601,248 is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court. The appeal of the plaintiff and the remaining appeal of the defendant are all dismissed.
Provisions referred to
[1] 외국중재판정의 승인 및 집행에 관한 유엔협약 제5조 제1항 (d)호 [2] 외국중재판정의 승인 및 집행에 관한 유엔협약 제5조 제2항 (b)호, 민사집행법 제26조 제1항 [3] 외국중재판정의 승인 및 집행에 관한 유엔협약 제5조 제2항 (b)호, 중재법 제37조 제1항, 제39조 제1항, 민법 제2조
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