Open Decision Ledger · Civil obligations & remedies
Timing of the Formation of a Negotiation under a Letter of Credit and the Criteria for Refusing Payment in Fraudulent Transactions
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Nov. 14, 2017, 2017Da216776 (judgment)
Case name: 신용장대금청구의소
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
In a scrap steel import brokered through back-to-back letters of credit, may the issuing bank refuse payment on the ground of fraud against a bank that has made no valid negotiation?
Holding
The Supreme Court held that the negotiation provided for in Article 2 of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 6th Revision, is a case in which the nominated bank gives actual value or assumes a definite obligation to pay before the reimbursement date. The negotiation agreement concluded at the time of opening the back-to-back letters of credit is not a promise to pay definitively on a specified date, and therefore does not amount to an unconditional assumption of an obligation. In the case of an irrevocable documentary letter of credit payable at sight, the Court held that the negotiation amount must be given before the elapse of five banking days from the day following the day on which the documents reached the issuing bank. Where there is no valid negotiation, the issuing bank may assert against the bank presenting the documents all grounds that it may assert against the beneficiary, and may therefore refuse payment on the ground of a fraudulent transaction.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
[1] 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(UCP 600) 제2조는 ‘매입(negotiation)’에 관하여 “일치하는 제시가 있으면 지정은행이, 지정은행에 상환하여야 하는 은행영업일 또는 그 전에 수익자에게 대금을 지급하거나 대금지급에 동의함으로써 환어음(지정은행이 아닌 은행 앞으로 발행된) 및/또는 서류를 매수(purchase)하는 것을 의미한다.”라고 정하고 있다
Unofficial English translation
[1] Article 2 of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600), 6th Revision, provides as to "negotiation" that "against a complying presentation, the nominated bank purchases drafts (drawn on a bank other than the nominated bank) and/or documents by paying the beneficiary or agreeing to pay the beneficiary on or before the banking day on which reimbursement is to be made to the nominated bank."
Disposition
Dismissed Stated in the decision
상고를 모두 기각한다
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
[1] 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(UCP 600) 제2조는 ‘매입(negotiation)’에 관하여 “일치하는 제시가 있으면 지정은행이, 지정은행에 상환하여야 하는 은행영업일 또는 그 전에 수익자에게 대금을 지급하거나 대금지급에 동의함으로써 환어음(지정은행이 아닌 은행 앞으로 발행된) 및/또는 서류를 매수(purchase)하는 것을 의미한다.”라고 정하고 있다
Unofficial English translation
[1] Article 2 of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600), 6th Revision, provides as to "negotiation" that "against a complying presentation, the nominated bank purchases drafts (drawn on a bank other than the nominated bank) and/or documents by paying the beneficiary or agreeing to pay the beneficiary on or before the banking day on which reimbursement is to be made to the nominated bank."
Factors
- 후자의 방법에 따른 매입이 되려면 매입은행이 특정 일자에 수익자에게 대가를 확정적으로 지급하기로 하는 무조건적인 채무를 부담함으로써 현실적인 대가 지급을 갈음할 수 있어야 한다.
- 매입은행은 신용장 개설은행에 서류가 도달한 날의 다음 날부터 5은행영업일이 지나기 전에 매입대금을 수익자에게 지급하여야 한다.
- 은행에 의한 신용장 매입이 적법하지 않다면 대가를 지급하더라도 이는 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(UCP 600)에서 정한 ‘매입’이 될 수 없다.
Unofficial English translation
• For a negotiation under the latter method to occur, the negotiating bank must, by assuming an unconditional obligation to definitively pay value to the beneficiary on a specific date, be able to take the place of actual payment of value.
• The negotiating bank must pay the negotiation proceeds to the beneficiary before the elapse of 5 banking days from the day following the day on which the documents reach the issuing bank.
• If a negotiation of a letter of credit by a bank is not lawful, then even if value is paid, it cannot become the "negotiation" provided in the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600), 6th Revision.
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
[1] 대법원 2012. 1. 27. 선고 2009다93817 판결(공2012상, 318) / [3] 대법원 2002. 10. 11. 선고 2000다60296 판결(공2002하, 2663), 대법원 2003. 1. 24. 선고 2001다68266 판결(공2003상, 699)
Unofficial English translation
[1] Supreme Court Decision 2009Da93817 decided January 27, 2012 (Gong 2012 Sang, 318) / [3] Supreme Court Decision 2000Da60296 decided October 11, 2002 (Gong 2002 Ha, 2663), Supreme Court Decision 2001Da68266 decided January 24, 2003 (Gong 2003 Sang, 699)
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2012. 1. 27. 선고 2009다93817 판결(공2012상, 318) / [3] 대법원 2002. 10. 11. 선고 2000다60296 판결(공2002하, 2663), 대법원 2003. 1. 24. 선고 2001다68266 판결(공2003상, 699)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
How far may a bank that has not satisfied the requirements for negotiation assert defenses when it claims the purchase price after succeeding to the rights of a fraudulent beneficiary?
Consider this decision again when the assumption of a definite obligation to pay before the reimbursement date and the observance of five banking days become an issue anew.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
8 of 8 axes matched Gemini 3.1 Pro · 2026-10-16
An independent cross-family AI reading agrees with the first reading on all eight axes. The operative part, the quoted text of the Summary of Decision, the Form of the test, the Factors, the Relation to precedent, and the classification of the Burden of proof conform to the wording of the original text.
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Supreme Court addressed a case in an action for payment under a letter of credit in which the meaning and method of negotiation, the timing of payment of the negotiation amount under an irrevocable documentary letter of credit payable at sight, and whether the issuing bank could refuse payment in the case of a negotiation that was not valid were at issue, and dismissed all final appeals.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the negotiation provided for in Article 2 of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 6th Revision, is a case in which the nominated bank gives actual value or assumes a definite obligation to pay before the reimbursement date. The negotiation agreement concluded at the time of opening the back-to-back letters of credit is not a promise to pay definitively on a specified date, and therefore does not amount to an unconditional assumption of an obligation. In the case of an irrevocable documentary letter of credit payable at sight, the Court held that the negotiation amount must be given before the elapse of five banking days from the day following the day on which the documents reached the issuing bank. Where there is no valid negotiation, the issuing bank may assert against the bank presenting the documents all grounds that it may assert against the beneficiary, and may therefore refuse payment on the ground of a fraudulent transaction. The Supreme Court held that, in order to substitute for the giving of actual value, there must be an unconditional assumption of an obligation to pay the value definitively on a specified date; that the negotiation amount under an irrevocable documentary letter of credit payable at sight must be paid before the elapse of five banking days from the day following the day on which the documents reached the issuing bank; and that, in the case of a negotiation that is not valid, grounds of defense against the beneficiary may be asserted against the bank presenting the documents, and on that standard it dismissed all final appeals.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where a valid negotiation is recognized because the nominated bank paid actual value immediately or assumed an unconditional obligation to pay the value definitively on a specified date
- Where the letter of credit is not an irrevocable documentary letter of credit payable at sight, or where the premise of the examination period of five banking days from the day following the day on which the documents reached the issuing bank differs
- Where, after a valid negotiation had taken place, the transaction turned out to be a fraudulent transaction, but the negotiating bank was neither involved in nor aware of the fraudulent act and had no sufficient ground for suspicion
Record verification notes
When applying the legal principle of Supreme Court Decision 2017Da216776 to other cases, first confirm whether the letter of credit in question is an irrevocable documentary letter of credit payable at sight and whether the nominated bank had authority to negotiate and whether it gave actual value or assumed an unconditional obligation to pay the value definitively on a specified date. Then cross-check together whether payment was made within five banking days from the day following the day the documents arrived, whether there was a valid negotiation, and whether the beneficiary committed a fraudulent act and whether the negotiating bank was involved in or aware of it.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(UCP 600) 제2조에서 정한 ‘매입(negotiation)’의 의미와 방법 및 중개무역업자의 거래은행이 이른바 백투백신용장(Back-to-Back Letter of Credit)을 개설하면서 주신용장(Master Letter of Credit)의 매입에 관한 약정을 체결한 것이 신용장 매입 방법 중 하나인 ‘현실적인 대가 지급을 갈음할 수 있는 무조건적인 대가 지급채무를 부담하는 것’에 해당하는지 여부(소극) [2] 일람출급 취소불능 화환신용장의 매입은행이 수익자에게 신용장 매입대금을 지급하여야 하는 시기(=신용장 개설은행에 서류가 도달한 날의 다음 날부터 5은행영업일이 지나기 전) [3] 은행에 의한 신용장 매입이 적법하지 않은 경우, 신용장 개설은행이 신용장 거래에서 수익자의 사기행위가 밝혀졌다는 이유로 신용장의 만기에 서류를 제시한 위 은행에 대하여 신용장대금의 지급을 거절할 수 있는지 여부(적극)
Unofficial English translation
[1] The meaning and method of "negotiation" as defined in Article 2 of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600), 6th Revision, and whether the fact that the transaction bank of an intermediary trading company, in opening a so-called Back-to-Back Letter of Credit, entered into an agreement concerning the negotiation of the Master Letter of Credit falls under "assuming an unconditional obligation to pay value in lieu of actual payment of value," which is one of the methods of negotiation under a letter of credit (negative) [2] The time at which the negotiating bank of a sight irrevocable documentary letter of credit must pay the beneficiary the negotiation proceeds (= before the elapse of 5 banking days from the day following the day on which the documents reach the issuing bank) [3] Where a negotiation of a letter of credit by a bank is not lawful, whether the issuing bank may refuse payment of the letter of credit amount against the said bank, which presented the documents at the maturity of the letter of credit, on the ground that the fraudulent act of the beneficiary in the letter of credit transaction has been revealed (affirmative)
Summary of the holding
[1] 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(UCP 600) 제2조는 ‘매입(negotiation)’에 관하여 “일치하는 제시가 있으면 지정은행이, 지정은행에 상환하여야 하는 은행영업일 또는 그 전에 수익자에게 대금을 지급하거나 대금지급에 동의함으로써 환어음(지정은행이 아닌 은행 앞으로 발행된) 및/또는 서류를 매수(purchase)하는 것을 의미한다.”라고 정하고 있다. 이 규정에서 정한 서류의 매입이란 매입을 수권받은 지정은행이 현금, 계좌입금 등의 방법으로 수익자에게 현실적인 대가를 즉시 지급하거나 대금지급 채무를 부담하는 방법으로 이루어질 수 있다. 후자의 방법에 따른 매입이 되려면 매입은행이 특정 일자에 수익자에게 대가를 확정적으로 지급하기로 하는 무조건적인 채무를 부담함으로써 현실적인 대가 지급을 갈음할 수 있어야 한다. 이른바 백투백신용장(Back-to-Back Letter of Credit)은 중개무역거래에서 중개무역업자가 자신의 거래은행에 자신을 수익자로 하는 주신용장(Master Letter of Credit)을 담보로 제공하고 실수출업자를 수익자로 하여 개설하는 신용장을 말한다. 중개무역업자의 거래은행이 백투백신용장을 개설하면서 주신용장의 매입에 관한 약정을 체결하더라도, 이러한 약정은 특정 일자에 수익자에게 대가를 확정적으로 지급하기로 하는 약정으로 볼 수 없으므로 현실적인 대가 지급을 갈음할 수 있는 무조건적인 대가 지급채무를 부담하는 것에 해당하지 않는다. [2] 매입은행으로 지정된 은행이 수익자에게 대금을 지급하거나 대금지급에 동의하는 것은 매입은행이 신용장 대금을 상환받아야 하는 은행영업일 또는 그 이전에 이루어져야 하고, 서류 심사기간은 최장 5은행영업일이다[제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(UCP 600) 제14조 b항]. 따라서 일람지급 취소불능 화환신용장의 경우 매입은행은 신용장 개설은행에 서류가 도달한 날의 다음 날부터 5은행영업일이 지나기 전에 매입대금을 수익자에게 지급하여야 한다. [3] 신용장의 적법한 매입이 있은 후에 신용장 거래가 사기 거래로 밝혀지더라도, 매입은행이 신용장대금의 지급이나 매입 당시 자신이 사기행위의 당사자로서 관련되어 있거나 사기 사실을 알고 있었거나 또는 의심할 만한 충분한 이유가 있다고 인정되지 않는다면 개설은행에 신용장대금의 상환을 청구할 수 있다. 그러나 은행에 의한 신용장 매입이 적법하지 않다면 대가를 지급하더라도 이는 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(UCP 600)에서 정한 ‘매입’이 될 수 없다. 이 경우 개설은행으로서는 신용장의 만기에 서류를 제시하는 위 은행에 대하여 수익자에게 대항할 수 있는 모든 사유로 대항할 수 있다. 따라서 신용장 거래에서 수익자의 사기행위가 밝혀졌다면 이를 이유로 개설은행은 서류제시 은행에 대해 신용장대금의 지급을 거절할 수 있다.
Order
상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고가 부담한다.
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed. The costs of the final appeal shall be borne by the plaintiff.
Provisions referred to
[1] 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 Revision, ICC Publication no. 600) 제2조, 제14조 b항 [2] 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 Revision, ICC Publication no. 600) 제14조 b항 [3] 제6차 개정 신용장통일규칙(The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 Revision, ICC Publication no. 600) 제2조, 제7조
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