Open Decision Ledger · Tax & international taxation
The Order in Which Economic Rationality Is Examined in the Disregard of Calculations for Unfair Transactions
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Dec. 28, 2018, 2017Du47519 (judgment)
Case name: 종합소득세부과처분취소
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Is the sale of a 100% stake in a subsidiary at an undervalue, transferred together with the transfer of management rights, an unfair transaction?
Holding
The Supreme Court takes the view that the Disregard of Calculations for Unfair Transactions applies only where, in a transaction between specially related parties, the calculation is not based on the reasonable method of a sound businessperson and the tax burden is unfairly evaded or reduced. Economic rationality is determined by examining together the various circumstances of the transaction, the price between non-specially-related parties, and any special circumstances existing at the time. It notes that the transaction in this Case was a subsequent contract pursuant to the prior agreement and the supplementary agreement concluded in the course of the transfer of management rights between the plaintiff and Mega Ark, whose interests diverge, and it is therefore difficult to regard it as collusion. It holds that, in the special circumstances where the plaintiff was seeking to relinquish its position as the largest shareholder, an undervalue transfer cannot be summarily determined on the basis of the price stated in the contract alone. It states that, once the accumulated deficits, the valuation at 0 won, the provision of funds, and the waiver of claims are also taken into account, the transaction cannot be summarily characterized as abnormal.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
[1] 구 법인세법(2010. 12. 30. 법률 제10423호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제52조에 규정한 부당행위계산부인이란 법인이 특수관계에 있는 자와의 거래에서 정상적인 경제인의 합리적인 방법에 의하지 아니하고 구 법인세법 시행령(2010. 2. 18. 대통령령 제22035호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제88조 제1항 각호에 열거된 여러 거래형태를 빙자하여 남용함으로써 조세부담을 부당하게 회피하거나 경감시켰다고 하는 경우에 과세권자가 이를 부인하고 법령에 정하는 방법에 의하여 객관적이고 타당하다고 보이는 소득이 있는 것으로 의제하는 제도이다
Unofficial English translation
[1] The disallowance of the calculation of unfair transactions prescribed in Article 52 of the former Corporate Tax Act (as it existed prior to its amendment by Act No. 10423 on December 30, 2010) is a system whereby, where a corporation, in a transaction with a specially related party, fails to follow the rational method of a normal person engaged in economic activities and instead abuses, under the guise of the various types of transactions enumerated in each subparagraph of Article 88 (1) of the former Enforcement Decree of the Corporate Tax Act (as it existed prior to its amendment by Presidential Decree No. 22035 on February 18, 2010), thereby unfairly avoiding or reducing its tax burden, the taxing authority may disallow the same and deem it to have income that appears objective and reasonable in accordance with the method prescribed by law and subordinate statute
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 부산고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Busan High Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
[1] 구 법인세법(2010. 12. 30. 법률 제10423호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제52조에 규정한 부당행위계산부인이란 법인이 특수관계에 있는 자와의 거래에서 정상적인 경제인의 합리적인 방법에 의하지 아니하고 구
Unofficial English translation
[1] The disallowance of the calculation of unfair transactions prescribed in Article 52 of the former Corporate Tax Act (as it existed prior to its amendment by Act No. 10423 on December 30, 2010) is a system whereby, where a corporation, in a transaction with a specially related party, does not follow the rational method of a normal person engaged in economic activities and instead, under the former
Factors
- 이는 경제인의 입장에서 볼 때 부자연스럽고 불합리한 행위계산을 하여 경제적 합리성을 무시하였다고 인정되는 경우에 한하여 적용되는 것이다
- 비특수관계자 간의 거래가격
- 거래 당시의 특별한 사정 등도 고려하여야 한다
Unofficial English translation
• it applies only in cases where the calculation of action is found to be unnatural and unreasonable from the standpoint of a person engaged in economic activities, and economic rationality is thereby disregarded
• the transaction price between non-specially related parties
• special circumstances at the time of the transaction and the like must also be taken into consideration
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
[1] 대법원 2010. 10. 28. 선고 2008두15541 판결(공2010하, 2188)
Unofficial English translation
[1] Supreme Court Decision 2008Du15541 decided October 28, 2010 (Gong 2010 Ha, 2188)
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2010. 10. 28. 선고 2008두15541 판결(공2010하, 2188), 대법원 2018. 7. 20. 선고 2015두39842 판결(공2018하, 1787), 대법원 2018. 7. 26. 선고 2016두40375 판결(공2018하, 1881), 대법원 2018. 8. 30. 선고 2015두56458 판결, 대법원 2018. 10. 25. 선고 2016두39573 판결(공2018하, 2279)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
If the relinquishment of management rights and the need for restructuring are also taken into account, can the transaction be summarily characterized as abnormal on the basis of the price stated in the contract alone?
Economic rationality is examined anew if Records emerge that warrant a fresh review of the company's situation at the time of the transaction and of the agreements in their entirety.
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The independent reading by cross-family AI shows that all eight axes are consistent with the first reading. The disposition, the quotation of the Summary of Decision from the original text, the form of the decision standard, decision factors, Relation to precedent, and the classification of the burden of proof accord with the language of the original.
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below took the view that the transaction in this Case amounted to a transaction that disregarded economic rationality and was therefore subject to the Disregard of Calculations for Unfair Transactions under Article 52 of the former Corporate Tax Act. It held that the instant disposition was valid, on the basis that A transferred the instant shares to B, a specially related party, at an unfairly low price, that the difference between the calculated share value and the transfer price was included in A's gross income for the relevant business year, and that the amount was treated as a dividend in respect of B.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court took the view that the transaction in this Case was a subsequent contract based on the prior agreement and the supplementary agreement concluded between B and C, whose interests were opposed, and that it was difficult to find that B colluded with C, which had no substance, in order to acquire the shares at an undervalue. It further stated that, since the contract was concluded in the special circumstances in which B relinquished A's position as the largest shareholder, whether the shares were transferred at an undervalue must not be determined solely by the price stated in the contract; and that, once the method of calculating the price, the subsidiary's accumulated deficits or the valuation of its share value at the time, and the circumstances of B's injection of funds are taken into account, the transaction cannot be summarily characterized as abnormal. The Supreme Court held that the court below erred in finding, contrary to the foregoing and solely on the basis of the reasons stated in its judgment, that the transaction was subject to the Disregard of Calculations for Unfair Transactions; it reversed the judgment of the court below and remanded the Case to the Busan High Court.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the transaction is between parties that are not specially related
- A case involving a normal transaction in which economic rationality is recognized in light of sound social norms or established practices
Record verification notes
When applying the legal principle of Supreme Court Decision 2017Du47519 to other matters, one must first check the various circumstances of the transaction, such as whether the parties to the transaction are specially related and whether the transaction is a subsequent contract based on the prior agreement and the supplementary agreement. The transaction price between non-specially-related parties and any special circumstances at the time of the transaction are also examined.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 구 법인세법 제52조에 정한 부당행위계산부인의 의미와 경제적 합리성 유무에 관한 판단 기준 [2] 갑 주식회사의 최대주주이자 실질적인 경영자인 을이 자신이 보유한 갑 회사의 주식과 갑 회사로부터 인수한 신주인수권부사채를 병 주식회사에 양도하기로 하는 내용의 주식양수도계약을 체결하면서 갑 회사의 경영권을 양도하기로 하였고, 이와 동시에 갑 회사가 보유한 정 주식회사의 지분 100%를 을이 매입하되, 매입대금의 지불은 을이 보유한 신주인수권부사채의 원금 및 이자와 상계할 수 있다는 등의 내용으로 합의를 한 후, 을이 위 합의에 따라 갑 회사가 보유한 정 회사의 주식을 양수하는 내용의 주식양수도계약을 갑 회사와 체결하였는데, 과세관청이 갑 회사가 주식을 특수관계에 있는 을에게 부당하게 저가로 양도한 것으로 보아 구 상속세 및 증여세법 제63조에 따라 산정한 주식 가액과 위 주식 양도대금과의 차액을 갑 회사의 해당 사업연도 익금에 산입하고 이를 을에 대한 배당으로 소득처분하여 을에게 종합소득세를 부과한 사안에서, 제반 사정에 비추어 을이 갑 회사와 체결한 주식양수도계약이 건전한 사회통념이나 상관행에 비추어 경제적 합리성이 없는 비정상적인 거래행위로서 부당행위계산부인의 대상에 해당한다고 보기 어렵다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] The meaning of the disallowance of the calculation of unfair transactions prescribed in Article 52 of the former Corporate Tax Act and the criteria for determining the presence or absence of economic rationality [2] In a case where B, the largest shareholder and the de facto manager of A Co., Ltd., entered into a share purchase and sale agreement to the effect that B would transfer to C Co., Ltd. the shares of A Co., Ltd. held by B and the bonds with stock acquisition rights of A Co., Ltd. that B had taken over, thereby agreeing to transfer the management control of A Co., Ltd., and at the same time, they agreed that B would purchase the entire 100% stake in D Co., Ltd. held by A Co., Ltd., that the payment of the purchase price could be set off against the principal and interest of the bonds with stock acquisition rights held by B, and the like, whereupon B entered into a share purchase and sale agreement with A Co., Ltd. to the effect that B would acquire from A Co., Ltd. the shares of D Co., Ltd. held by A Co., Ltd., and the tax authority, deeming that A Co., Ltd. had transferred the shares at an unfairly low price to B, a specially related party, included the difference between the value of the shares calculated in accordance with Article 63 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act and the said transfer price of the shares in A Co., Ltd.'s gross income for the relevant business year, treated the same as a distribution of income to B, and imposed comprehensive income tax on B, a case in which it was held that, in light of all the circumstances, it is difficult to regard the share purchase and sale agreement entered into by B with A Co., Ltd. as an abnormal transaction lacking economic rationality in view of sound common sense or customary business practices and therefore falling within the scope of the disallowance of the calculation of unfair transactions
Summary of the holding
[1] 구 법인세법(2010. 12. 30. 법률 제10423호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제52조에 규정한 부당행위계산부인이란 법인이 특수관계에 있는 자와의 거래에서 정상적인 경제인의 합리적인 방법에 의하지 아니하고 구 법인세법 시행령(2010. 2. 18. 대통령령 제22035호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제88조 제1항 각호에 열거된 여러 거래형태를 빙자하여 남용함으로써 조세부담을 부당하게 회피하거나 경감시켰다고 하는 경우에 과세권자가 이를 부인하고 법령에 정하는 방법에 의하여 객관적이고 타당하다고 보이는 소득이 있는 것으로 의제하는 제도이다. 이는 경제인의 입장에서 볼 때 부자연스럽고 불합리한 행위계산을 하여 경제적 합리성을 무시하였다고 인정되는 경우에 한하여 적용되는 것이다. 경제적 합리성 유무에 관한 판단은 거래행위의 여러 사정을 구체적으로 고려하여 과연 그 거래행위가 건전한 사회통념이나 상관행에 비추어 경제적 합리성이 없는 비정상적인 것인지에 따라 판단하되, 비특수관계자 간의 거래가격, 거래 당시의 특별한 사정 등도 고려하여야 한다. [2] 갑 주식회사의 최대주주이자 실질적인 경영자인 을이 자신이 보유한 갑 회사의 주식과 갑 회사로부터 인수한 신주인수권부사채를 병 주식회사에 양도하기로 하는 내용의 주식양수도계약(이하 ‘선행계약’이라고 한다)을 체결하면서 갑 회사의 경영권을 양도하기로 하였고, 이와 동시에 갑 회사가 보유한 정 주식회사의 지분 100%를 을이 매입하되, 매입대금의 지불은 을이 보유한 신주인수권부사채의 원금 및 이자와 상계할 수 있다는 등의 내용으로 합의(이하 ‘보충합의’라고 한다)를 한 후, 을이 보충합의에 따라 갑 회사가 보유한 정 회사의 주식을 양수하는 내용의 주식양수도계약을 갑 회사와 체결하였는데, 과세관청이 갑 회사가 주식을 특수관계에 있는 을에게 부당하게 저가로 양도한 것으로 보아 구 상속세 및 증여세법(2010. 1. 1. 법률 제9916호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제63조에 따라 산정한 주식의 가액과 위 주식양수도계약의 양도대금과의 차액을 갑 회사의 해당 사업연도 익금에 산입하고 이를 을에 대한 배당으로 소득처분하여 을에게 종합소득세를 부과한 사안에서, 위 주식양수도계약은 시기, 거래의 조건 등에 비추어 이해가 상반되는 대립당사자 지위에 있는 을과 병 회사가 경영권을 양도하는 과정에서 체결된 선행계약 및 보충합의에 기초하여 이루어진 후속계약에 해당하고, 을이 아무런 실체가 없는 병 회사와 통모하여 위 주식을 저가양수하였다고 보기 어려운 점, 을이 갑 회사의 최대주주로서의 지위를 포기하려 하는 특수한 상황에서 위 주식을 양수하기로 한 것이므로 계약서에 표시된 거래가격만을 기준으로 저가양도에 해당하는지 여부를 판단할 것은 아니고, 위 주식양수도계약 가격 산정 방식과 선행계약 및 보충합의나 위 거래 당시 정 회사의 상황 등을 고려하면, 위 주식양수도계약이 비정상적인 것으로서 경제적 합리성이 없다고 단정할 수 없는 점 등에 비추어, 위 주식양수도계약이 건전한 사회통념이나 상관행에 비추어 경제적 합리성이 없는 비정상적인 거래행위로서 부당행위계산부인의 대상에 해당한다고 보기 어렵다고 한 사례.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 부산고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Busan High Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 구 법인세법(2010. 12. 30. 법률 제10423호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제52조, 구 법인세법 시행령(2010. 2. 18. 대통령령 제22035호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제88조 제1항 [2] 구 법인세법(2010. 12. 30. 법률 제10423호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제52조, 구 법인세법 시행령(2010. 2. 18. 대통령령 제22035호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제88조 제1항, 구 상속세 및 증여세법(2010. 1. 1. 법률 제9916호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제63조
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