Open Decision Ledger · Constitutional, administrative & state liability
Criteria for Establishing State Liability for Compensation Arising from a Series of State Acts Including the Issuance and Enforcement of, and Trials under, Emergency Measures
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Aug. 30, 2022, 2018Da212610 (en banc judgment)
Case name: 손해배상(기)
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Must the state compensate for losses suffered through the issuance of the unconstitutional and void Emergency Measure No. 9, compulsory investigation, and a conviction?
Holding
Liability under Article 2 of the State Compensation Act takes an ordinary, average public official as the standard and is measured by the breach of an objective duty of care and the loss of objective justification. Together with these, it also considers whether there are substantive reasons for the state to bear liability for compensation in light of the manner and purpose of the act, whether and to what extent the victim was involved, and the interest infringed and the extent of the loss. It is stated that Emergency Measure No. 9 did not satisfy the requirements for issuance and infringed freedom of expression, the right to petition, personal liberty, and academic freedom, so that its unconstitutionality and nullity are clear. The series of state acts from issuance through compulsory investigation and the filing of an indictment to a conviction and the serving of a sentence is assessed as a whole as unlawful for having lost objective justification, and compensation is allowed for losses suffered by individual citizens, thereby changing the existing precedent.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
[다수의견] 보통 일반의 공무원을 표준으로 공무원이 직무를 집행하면서 객관적 주의의무를 소홀히 하고 그로 말미암아 그 직무행위가 객관적 정당성을 잃었다고 볼 수 있는 때에 국가배상법 제2조가 정한 국가배상책임이 성립할 수 있다
Unofficial English translation
[Majority Opinion] where a public officer, taking an ordinary average public officer as the standard, neglects the objective duty of care in the execution of his or her duties and, by reason thereof, that act of duty may be regarded as having lost its objective justification, liability for compensation as provided in Article 2 of the State Compensation Act may be established
Disposition
Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결 중 원고 45를 제외한 나머지 원고들에 대한 부분 및 원고 45 본인의 위자료와 상속분 청구 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed in the part concerning the remaining plaintiffs other than the plaintiff 45 and in the part concerning the plaintiff 45's own claim for solatium and claim for a share of inheritance, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court
Form of the test
Circumstances weighed Stated in the decision
[다수의견] 보통 일반의 공무원을 표준으로 공무원이 직무를 집행하면서 객관적 주의의무를 소홀히 하고 그로 말미암아 그 직무행위가 객관적 정당성을 잃었다고 볼 수 있는 때에 국가배상법 제2조가 정한 국가배상책임이 성립할 수 있다
Unofficial English translation
[Majority Opinion] where a public officer, taking an ordinary average public officer as the standard, neglects the objective duty of care in the execution of his or her duties and, by reason thereof, that act of duty may be regarded as having lost its objective justification, liability for compensation as provided in Article 2 of the State Compensation Act may be established
Factors
- 공무원의 직무행위가 객관적 정당성을 잃었는지는 행위의 양태와 목적
- 피해자의 관여 여부와 정도
- 침해된 이익의 종류와 손해의 정도 등 여러 사정을 종합하여 판단하되
Unofficial English translation
• Whether an act of duty of a public officer has lost its objective justification, the manner and purpose of the act
• the presence and extent of the victim's involvement
• should be determined by comprehensively taking into account the type of the interest infringed and the extent of the damage, among other various circumstances,
Relation to precedent
Changes earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2014. 10. 27. 선고 2013다217962 판결(변경)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2013Da217962 decided October 27, 2014 (changed)
Decisions referred to
대법원 2000. 5. 12. 선고 99다70600 판결(공2000하, 1403), 대법원 2001. 3. 9. 선고 2000다29905 판결, 대법원 2001. 10. 12. 선고 2001다47290 판결(공2001하, 2464), 대법원 2004. 12. 9. 선고 2003다50184 판결(공2005상, 78), 대법원 2013. 4. 18. 자 2011초기689 전원합의체 결정(공2013상, 978), 대법원 2014. 10. 27. 선고 2013다217962 판결(변경), 대법원 2015. 3. 26. 선고 2012다48824 판결(변경), 대법원 2018. 5. 2. 자 2015모3243 결정(공2018상, 1111), 대법원 2021. 6. 30. 선고 2017다249219 판결(공2021하, 1356)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
To what extent can liability, which bundles an entire series of state acts as unlawful without identifying individual public officials or proving intent or negligence, be extended?
If the scope of the arrests or detentions under Emergency Measure No. 9, or the records of convictions, or the scope of reconciliation formed under the former Democratization Movement Compensation Act differs, the establishment of liability and the decision on dismissal of the action on procedural grounds must be reexamined.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched Gemini 3.1 Pro · 2026-10-16
In the cross-family AI independent reading, 7 of the 8 axes match. Axis 6 (Relation to precedent) is recorded as matching the independent reading's pre-correction initial value 'Follows earlier decisions', but the primary reading was corrected to 'Changes earlier decisions' through a comparison against the original text on 2026-10-21 and is counted as a divergence.
Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “Changes earlier decisions” vs Independent “Follows earlier decisions”
The Reference Cases mark the judgment changed by this judgment with a '(changed)' notation, and the Reasons contain a sentence stating that that judgment is changed to the extent inconsistent with the view of this judgment; therefore, the primary reading's Relation to precedent was corrected on 2026-10-21 from 'Follows earlier decisions' to 'Changes earlier decisions'. The 2026-10-16 independent reading is recorded only as matching the pre-correction primary value, and the original response is not publicly available, so the independent reading value is the pre-correction value per that record.
대법원 2014. 10. 27. 선고 2013다217962 판결(변경)Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below held that the President's issuance of Emergency Measure No. 9 cannot itself be regarded as a tort, and that the investigation and trial based on Emergency Measure No. 9 cannot be said to constitute a tort committed intentionally or negligently by public officials. Furthermore, it upheld the first-instance judgment dismissing the plaintiffs' claim, on the ground that, even assuming that there had been no ground for acquittal under the first part of Article 325 of the Criminal Procedure Act arising from the unconstitutionality or nullity of Emergency Measure No. 9, it is also difficult to find that proof to a high degree of probability had been made that a ground for acquittal under the latter part existed.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the unconstitutionality and nullity of Emergency Measure No. 9 are clear, and that the series of state acts from its issuance through its application and enforcement is unlawful as a whole for having lost objective justification. It rejected the court below's holding, holding that state liability for compensation is recognized for losses suffered by individual citizens who, through its application and enforcement, were subjected to compulsory investigation, were sentenced to a conviction, and served sentences. In the disposition, it reversed the portion of the judgment of the court below concerning the plaintiffs other than Plaintiff 45 and the portion concerning Plaintiff 45's own claim for solatium and for the inherited share, and remanded this part of the case to the Seoul High Court, and dismissed the remainder of Plaintiff 45's final appeal.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where it cannot be found that the official act lost objective justification because the public official did not neglect an objective duty of care
- A case in which substantive reasons for the state to bear liability for compensation of the loss are not recognized
Record verification notes
When applying the legal principle of Supreme Court Decision 2018Da212610 to other cases, one first checks, taking an ordinary, average public official as the standard, whether an objective duty of care was breached and whether objective justification was lost upon an overall consideration of the manner and purpose of the act and related factors. One then examines through the Records whether the subject is one to be assessed as a whole, like the series of state acts from the issuance of Emergency Measure No. 9 through its application and enforcement, and its relationship to the losses suffered by individual citizens.
From the official text
Points at issue
구 국가안전과 공공질서의 수호를 위한 대통령긴급조치(긴급조치 제9호)의 발령·적용·집행으로 강제수사를 받거나 유죄판결을 선고받고 복역함으로써 개별 국민이 입은 손해에 대하여 국가배상책임이 인정되는지 여부(적극)
Unofficial English translation
Whether state liability for compensation is recognized with respect to damage suffered by individual citizens who were subjected to compulsory investigation or were sentenced to conviction and served a sentence by reason of the issuance, application, and enforcement of the former Presidential Emergency Measure for the Protection of National Security and Public Order (Emergency Measure No. 9) (affirmative)
Summary of the holding
[다수의견] 보통 일반의 공무원을 표준으로 공무원이 직무를 집행하면서 객관적 주의의무를 소홀히 하고 그로 말미암아 그 직무행위가 객관적 정당성을 잃었다고 볼 수 있는 때에 국가배상법 제2조가 정한 국가배상책임이 성립할 수 있다. 공무원의 직무행위가 객관적 정당성을 잃었는지는 행위의 양태와 목적, 피해자의 관여 여부와 정도, 침해된 이익의 종류와 손해의 정도 등 여러 사정을 종합하여 판단하되, 손해의 전보책임을 국가가 부담할 만한 실질적 이유가 있는지도 살펴보아야 한다. 구 국가안전과 공공질서의 수호를 위한 대통령긴급조치(1975. 5. 13. 대통령긴급조치 제9호, 이하 ‘긴급조치 제9호’라고 한다)는 위헌·무효임이 명백하고 긴급조치 제9호 발령으로 인한 국민의 기본권 침해는 그에 따른 강제수사와 공소제기, 유죄판결의 선고를 통하여 현실화되었다. 이러한 경우 긴급조치 제9호의 발령부터 적용·집행에 이르는 일련의 국가작용은, 전체적으로 보아 공무원이 직무를 집행하면서 객관적 주의의무를 소홀히 하여 그 직무행위가 객관적 정당성을 상실한 것으로서 위법하다고 평가되고, 긴급조치 제9호의 적용·집행으로 강제수사를 받거나 유죄판결을 선고받고 복역함으로써 개별 국민이 입은 손해에 대해서는 국가배상책임이 인정될 수 있다. [대법관 김재형의 별개의견] 긴급조치 제9호의 발령·적용·집행은 공무원의 고의 또는 과실에 의한 불법행위로서 국가배상법 제2조 제1항에 따른 국가배상책임이 인정되고, 대통령의 긴급조치 제9호 발령행위에 대해서 대통령이 국민에 대한 정치적 책임을 질 뿐 법적 책임을 지지 않는다는 대법원 2015. 3. 26. 선고 2012다48824 판결은 변경되어야 한다. 이때 긴급조치 제9호에 따라 수사와 재판, 그리고 그 집행으로 발생한 손해도 상당한 인과관계가 있는 손해로서 손해배상의 범위에 포함된다고 볼 수 있다. 한편 이 경우 법관의 재판작용으로 인한 국가배상책임을 독자적으로 인정할 필요는 없고, 위와 같이 재판으로 인해 발생한 손해를 배상하도록 하는 것이 법관의 재판작용으로 인한 국가배상책임을 엄격히 제한하는 판례와 모순되지 않는다. [대법관 안철상의 별개의견] 헌법 제29조의 국가배상청구권은 헌법상 보장된 기본권으로서 국가와 개인의 관계를 규율하는 공권이고, 국가가 공무원 개인의 불법행위에 대한 대위책임이 아니라 국가 자신의 불법행위에 대하여 직접 책임을 부담하는 자기책임으로 국가배상책임을 이해하는 것이 법치국가 원칙에 부합한다. 국가배상을 자기책임으로 이해하는 이상 국가배상책임의 성립 요건인 공무원의 고의·과실에는 공무원 개인의 고의·과실뿐만 아니라 공무원의 공적 직무수행상 과실, 즉 국가의 직무상 과실이 포함된다고 보는 것이 국가배상법을 헌법합치적으로 해석하는 방법이다. [대법관 김선수, 대법관 오경미의 별개의견] 긴급조치 제9호는 대통령이 국가원수로서 발령하고 행정부의 수반으로서 집행한 것이므로, 대통령의 국가긴급권 행사로서 이루어진 긴급조치 제9호의 발령과 강제수사 및 공소제기라는 불가분적인 일련의 국가작용은 대통령의 고의 또는 과실에 의한 위법한 직무행위로서 국가배상책임이 인정된다. 긴급조치 제9호에 대한 위헌성의 심사 없이 이를 적용하여 유죄판결을 선고한 법관의 재판상 직무행위는 대통령의 위법한 직무행위와 구별되는 독립적인 불법행위로서 국가배상책임을 구성하고, 이를 대통령의 국가긴급권 행사와 그 집행에 포섭된 일련의 국가작용으로 평가할 수는 없다.
Order
원심판결 중 원고 45를 제외한 나머지 원고들에 대한 부분 및 원고 45 본인의 위자료와 상속분 청구 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다. 원고 45의 나머지 상고를 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed in the part concerning the remaining plaintiffs other than the plaintiff 45 and in the part concerning the plaintiff 45's own claim for solatium and claim for a share of inheritance, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court. The remainder of the plaintiff 45's final appeal is dismissed.
Provisions referred to
국가배상법 제2조 제1항, 헌법 제29조, 구 헌법(1980. 10. 27. 헌법 제9호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제8조(현행 제10조 참조), 제10조 제3항(현행 제12조 제3항 참조), 제53조(현행 제76조 참조), 구 국가안전과 공공질서의 수호를 위한 대통령긴급조치(1975. 5. 13. 대통령긴급조치 제9호, 1979. 12. 8. 대통령공고 제67호로 해제) 제1항, 제2항, 제5항, 제7항, 제8항
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