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Open Decision Ledger · Criminal & investigative procedure

Distinguishing the admissibility of hearsay evidence and the standards for sentencing in concurrent offenses in large-scale criminal cases

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Aug. 29, 2019, 2018Do14303 (en banc judgment)

Case name: 특정범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(뇌물)·직권남용권리행사방해·강요(일부인정된죄명:강요미수)·강요미수·공무상비밀누설

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    How are the admissibility of a business notebook and separate sentencing of punishment determined in a case involving a former president?

  2. Holding

    The Supreme Court held that where the content of an out-of-court statement is itself the fact to be proved, it is treated as hearsay evidence and, after being admitted as circumstantial evidence, when it is used again to prove its contents, it constitutes hearsay evidence. It stated that the portion containing instructions may be treated as original evidence and used if the genuineness of its establishment is proved by the statement of the author, whereas the portion containing the content of conversations cannot be used because there is no proof of a particularly trustworthy situation. It held that a business notebook is no more than a record kept for convenience and does not fall under the document provided in Article 315, subparagraph 3. Since Article 364-2 applies only among co-defendants whose cases are jointly heard, the court below, which applied it to this portion that had not been joined, was inappropriate; however, reversal ex officio is possible, and the error did not affect the judgment. It held that the court below, which applied Article 38 of the Criminal Act to the bribery offenses and the other offenses and pronounced a single sentence, committed an error in contravention of Article 18 (3) of the Public Official Election Act, and reversed the guilty portion.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    [1] 형사소송법은 제310조의2에서 원칙적으로 전문증거의 증거능력을 인정하지 않고, 제311조부터 제316조까지에서 정한 요건을 충족하는 경우에만 예외적으로 증거능력을 인정한다

    Unofficial English translation

    [1] The Criminal Procedure Act does not, in principle, recognize the admissibility of hearsay evidence under Article 310-2, and exceptionally recognizes admissibility only where the requirements set forth in Articles 311 through 316 are satisfied
  3. Disposition

    Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결 중 유죄 부분(이유무죄 부분 포함)을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다

    Unofficial English translation

    The guilty part of the judgment of the court below (including the part in which judgment of not guilty was rendered although the facts were found established) is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    [1] 형사소송법은 제310조의2에서 원칙적으로 전문증거의 증거능력을 인정하지 않고, 제311조부터 제316조까지에서 정한 요건을 충족하는 경우에만 예외적으로 증거능력을 인정한다

    Unofficial English translation

    [1] The Criminal Procedure Act does not, in principle, recognize the admissibility of hearsay evidence under Article 310-2, and exceptionally recognizes admissibility only where the requirements set forth in Articles 311 through 316 are satisfied
  5. Factors

    • 다른 사람의 진술을 내용으로 하는 진술이 전문증거인지는 요증사실이 무엇인지에 따라 정해진다.
    • 그러나 어떠한 내용의 진술을 하였다는 사실 자체에 대한 정황증거로 사용될 것이라는 이유로 서류의 증거능력을 인정한 다음 그 사실을 다시 진술 내용이나 그 진실성을 증명하는 간접사실로 사용하는 경우에 그 서류는 전문증거에 해당한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    • Whether a statement whose content is another person's statement is hearsay evidence is determined according to what the fact to be proved is.

    • However, where the admissibility of a document is recognized on the ground that it will be used as circumstantial evidence of the fact that such a statement was made, and that fact is then used again as an indirect fact to prove the content of the statement or the truthfulness thereof, the document constitutes hearsay evidence.

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    [1] 대법원 2012. 7. 26. 선고 2012도2937 판결(공2012하, 1530)

    Unofficial English translation

    [1] Supreme Court Decision 2012Do2937 decided July 26, 2012 (Gong 2012 Ha, 1530)

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 2012. 7. 26. 선고 2012도2937 판결(공2012하, 1530), 대법원 2013. 6. 13. 선고 2012도16001 판결(공2013하, 1276), 대법원 2018. 5. 15. 선고 2017도19499 판결 / [2] 대법원 2003. 2. 26. 선고 2002도6834 판결(공2003상, 950)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    When a statement record that has been admitted as circumstantial evidence is used again to prove its contents, at what point is its admissibility of evidence determined?

    The matter will be looked at again if the proof of a trustworthy situation under Article 316 (1) or the reliability guarantee under Article 315, subparagraph 3 is confirmed in the Records.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

8 of 8 axes matched Gemini 3.1 Pro · 2026-10-16

The cross-family AI independent reading result accords with the first reading on all eight axes. The disposition, the quotation of the original text of the Summary of Decision, the form of the decision standard, decision factors, Relation to precedent, and the classification of the burden of proof accord with the language of the original text.

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below held that the portion containing instructions in the business notebook and other materials of Non-indicted 1 is original evidence where it proves the very fact that the defendant gave instructions to Non-indicted 1, and that the portion containing instructions in the business notebook may be used as testimonial evidence if the genuineness of its establishment is proved by the statement of the author, Non-indicted 1. It held that the portion containing the content of conversations does not satisfy the requirements of Article 316 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Act and therefore cannot be used as testimonial evidence, and that its use as evidence of a collateral fact is likewise not permitted. The court below found the defendant guilty of the alleged facts of the indictment, including the bribes relating to equestrian support, but found certain alleged facts of the indictment and the bribes relating to each foundation not guilty in its reasoning, and applied Article 38 of the Criminal Act to the bribery offenses and the remaining offenses to pronounce a single sentence.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court found no error in the court below's determination of the admissibility of the business notebook arising from a misapplication of the legal principle concerning the hearsay rule. It found, however, that the measure of pronouncing a single sentence rather than sentencing separately pursuant to Article 18 (3) of the Public Official Election Act with respect to the bribery offenses and the remaining other offenses involved a misapplication of that legal principle. It reversed the guilty portion of the judgment of the court below (including the portion found not guilty in the reasoning) and remanded this part of the case to the Seoul High Court, and dismissed the prosecution's remaining final appeal.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where the very existence of the out-of-court statement is the fact to be proved, so that it is treated as original evidence
  • A case in which commonality of the grounds for reversal is asserted among defendants whose cases were not jointly heard in the same litigation proceedings

Record verification notes

When applying the legal principle of Supreme Court Decision 2018Do14303 to other cases, first confirm whether the fact the document seeks to prove is the content of the out-of-court statement or its very existence, and for what purpose the document is used. Together with this, examine whether the cases were jointly heard and whether the offenses subject to separate sentencing are structured to be sentenced together.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 전문증거의 증거능력 / 다른 사람의 진술을 내용으로 하는 진술이 전문증거인지 본래증거인지 판단하는 기준 / 어떤 진술이 기재된 서류가 그 내용의 진실성이 범죄사실에 대한 직접증거로 사용될 경우, 전문증거인지 여부(적극) 및 어떠한 내용의 진술을 하였다는 사실 자체에 대한 정황증거로 사용될 것이라는 이유로 서류의 증거능력을 인정한 다음 그 사실을 다시 진술 내용이나 그 진실성을 증명하는 간접사실로 사용하는 경우, 그 서류는 전문증거에 해당하는지 여부(적극) [2] 형사소송법 제364조의2의 취지 및 위 규정은 공동피고인 사이에서 파기의 이유가 공통되는 해당 범죄사실이 동일한 소송절차에서 병합심리된 경우에만 적용되는지 여부(적극) [3] 전직 대통령인 피고인이 재임 중의 직무와 관련하여 뇌물을 수수하고 직권을 남용하여 강요행위를 하였다는 등의 특정범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 위반(뇌물) 및 직권남용권리행사방해, 강요 등의 공소사실로 기소된 사안에서, 원심이 피고인에게 유죄로 판단한 특정범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 위반(뇌물)죄와 나머지 다른 죄에 대하여 공직선거법 제18조 제1항 제3호, 제3항에 따라 이를 분리 선고하지 아니하고 형법 제38조를 적용하여 하나의 형을 선고한 조치에 공직선거법 제18조 제3항의 법리를 오해한 잘못이 있다고 한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] Admissibility of hearsay evidence / The criterion for determining whether a statement whose content is another person's statement is hearsay evidence or original evidence / Whether a document in which a certain statement is recorded constitutes hearsay evidence where the truthfulness of its contents is used as direct evidence of the facts constituting the crime (affirmative), and where the admissibility of the document is recognized on the ground that it will be used as circumstantial evidence of the fact that such a statement was made, and that fact is then used again as an indirect fact to prove the content of the statement or the truthfulness thereof, whether the document constitutes hearsay evidence (affirmative) [2] The purport of Article 364-2 of the Criminal Procedure Act, and whether the above provision applies only where the relevant crime facts, for which the grounds for reversal are common among co-defendants, have been jointly tried in the same litigation proceedings (affirmative) [3] In a case where the defendant, a former President, was indicted on the facts charged, including violation of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment of Specific Crimes (bribery) and obstruction of the exercise of rights by abuse of official authority, coercion, etc., for having received bribes in connection with his duties during his term of office and having committed acts of coercion by abusing his official authority, and the court below, without pronouncing a separate sentence for the crime of violation of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment of Specific Crimes (bribery), of which it found the defendant guilty, and the remaining other crimes pursuant to Article 18 (1) 3 and (3) of the Public Official Election Act, pronounced one sentence by applying Article 38 of the Criminal Act, a case in which it was held that such measure was erroneous in misunderstanding the legal principle of Article 18 (3) of the Public Official Election Act

Summary of the holding

[1] 형사소송법은 제310조의2에서 원칙적으로 전문증거의 증거능력을 인정하지 않고, 제311조부터 제316조까지에서 정한 요건을 충족하는 경우에만 예외적으로 증거능력을 인정한다. 다른 사람의 진술을 내용으로 하는 진술이 전문증거인지는 요증사실이 무엇인지에 따라 정해진다. 다른 사람의 진술, 즉 원진술의 내용인 사실이 요증사실인 경우에는 전문증거이지만, 원진술의 존재 자체가 요증사실인 경우에는 본래증거이지 전문증거가 아니다. 어떤 진술이 기재된 서류가 그 내용의 진실성이 범죄사실에 대한 직접증거로 사용될 때는 전문증거가 되지만, 그와 같은 진술을 하였다는 것 자체 또는 진술의 진실성과 관계없는 간접사실에 대한 정황증거로 사용될 때는 반드시 전문증거가 되는 것이 아니다. 그러나 어떠한 내용의 진술을 하였다는 사실 자체에 대한 정황증거로 사용될 것이라는 이유로 서류의 증거능력을 인정한 다음 그 사실을 다시 진술 내용이나 그 진실성을 증명하는 간접사실로 사용하는 경우에 그 서류는 전문증거에 해당한다. 서류가 그곳에 기재된 원진술의 내용인 사실을 증명하는 데 사용되어 원진술의 내용인 사실이 요증사실이 되기 때문이다. 이러한 경우 형사소송법 제311조부터 제316조까지 정한 요건을 충족하지 못한다면 증거능력이 없다. [2] 형사소송법 제364조의2는 "피고인을 위하여 원심판결을 파기하는 경우에 파기의 이유가 항소한 공동피고인에게 공통되는 때에는 그 공동피고인에게 대하여도 원심판결을 파기하여야 한다."라고 정하고 있고, 이는 공동피고인 상호 간의 재판의 공평을 도모하려는 취지이다. 위와 같은 형사소송법 제364조의2의 규정 내용과 입법 목적을 고려하면, 위 규정은 공동피고인 사이에서 파기의 이유가 공통되는 해당 범죄사실이 동일한 소송절차에서 병합심리된 경우에만 적용된다고 보는 것이 타당하다. [3] 전직 대통령인 피고인이 재임 중의 직무와 관련하여 뇌물을 수수하고 직권을 남용하여 강요행위를 하였다는 등의 특정범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률(이하 ‘특정범죄가중법’이라 한다) 위반(뇌물) 및 직권남용권리행사방해, 강요 등의 공소사실로 기소된 사안에서, 공직선거법 제18조 제1항 제3호, 제3항에 따르면 형법 제38조에도 불구하고 피고인이 재임 중의 직무와 관련하여 형법 제129조 내지 제132조(특정범죄가중법 제2조에 의하여 가중처벌되는 경우를 포함한다)에 규정된 죄를 범한 경우에는 그에 속하는 죄와 다른 죄에 대하여 이를 분리 선고하여야 하므로, 이와 달리 원심이 피고인에게 유죄로 판단한 특정범죄가중법 위반(뇌물)죄와 나머지 다른 죄에 대하여 형법 제38조를 적용하여 하나의 형을 선고한 조치에 공직선거법 제18조 제3항의 법리를 오해한 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.

Order

원심판결 중 유죄 부분(이유무죄 부분 포함)을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다. 검사의 나머지 상고를 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

The guilty part of the judgment of the court below (including the part in which judgment of not guilty was rendered although the facts were found established) is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court. The remaining appeal of the prosecutor is dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 형사소송법 제307조, 제310조의2, 제311조, 제312조, 제313조, 제314조, 제315조, 제316조 [2] 형사소송법 제364조의2 [3] 형법 제38조, 제123조, 제129조 제1항, 제130조, 제324조 제1항, 특정범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 제2조 제1항 제1호, 공직선거법 제18조 제1항 제3호, 제3항

Read 2026-10-15 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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