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Open Decision Ledger · Corporate law & governance

Standard for determining the period for exercising the right to demand purchase of shares, which is a formative right

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, July 14, 2022, 2019Da271661 (judgment)

Case name: 손해배상

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    If an investment contract provides for a right to demand purchase of shares but no agreement on the period for its exercise, from when and within how many years must it be exercised?

  2. Holding

    A right to demand purchase of shares, which forms a sale and purchase contract upon the demand of one party, is a formative right. The period for exercising such a claim was regarded as an exclusion period (non-extendable statutory period). Where there is an agreement, the position is that the right is extinguished if it is not exercised within that period. Where there is no agreement, consideration is given to the nature of the contract, the motive and purpose for which it was granted, and the period for exercising the claim that arises. It was held that a claim under a commercial investment contract is subject to a period of 5 years by way of analogous application of Article 64 of the Commercial Act, and that, absent special circumstances, the period runs from the time of non-performance; in this case, the right was found to have been extinguished because more than 5 years had elapsed since the breach.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    [1] 투자 관련 계약에서 당사자 일방이 상대방에게 자신이 보유한 주식의 매수를 청구하면 주식에 관한 매매계약이 체결되는 것으로 정한 경우 이러한 주식매수청구권은 일방의 의사표시에 따라 매매계약이라는 새로운 법률관계를 형성하는 권리로서 일종의 형성권에 해당한다

    Unofficial English translation

    [1] Where, under an investment-related contract, it is stipulated that, if one party to the contract demands that the other party purchase the shares it holds, a contract of sale with respect to the shares is formed, such right to demand purchase of shares is a right that forms a new legal relationship, namely a contract of sale, by a unilateral expression of intent, and thus constitutes a formative right
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 모두 기각한다

    Unofficial English translation

    All appeals are dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    [1] 투자 관련 계약에서 당사자 일방이 상대방에게 자신이 보유한 주식의 매수를 청구하면 주식에 관한 매매계약이 체결되는 것으로 정한 경우 이러한 주식매수청구권은 일방의 의사표시에 따라 매매계약이라는 새로운 법률관계를 형성하는 권리로서 일종의 형성권에 해당한다

    Unofficial English translation

    [1] Where, under an investment-related contract, it is stipulated that, if one party to the contract demands that the other party purchase the shares it holds, a contract of sale with respect to the shares is formed, such right to demand purchase of shares is a right that forms a new legal relationship, namely a contract of sale, by a unilateral expression of intent, and thus constitutes a formative right
  5. Factors

    • 이와 같이 계약에 따라 발생하는 형성권인 주식매수청구권의 행사기간은 제척기간이다
    • 법률관계를 조속히 확정할 필요성의 정도는 그 권리를 정한 계약마다 다르므로
    • 주식매수청구권의 행사기간을 정할 때에도 이를 고려해야 한다

    Unofficial English translation

    • The exercise period of the right to demand purchase of shares, being a formative right arising under a contract as such, is an exclusion period.

    • Because the degree of necessity to promptly settle the legal relationship varies from contract to contract providing for such right,

    • this must also be taken into account when determining the exercise period of the right to demand purchase of shares.

  6. Relation to precedent

    States a new standard Stated in the decision

    [1] 투자 관련 계약에서 당사자 일방이 상대방에게 자신이 보유한 주식의 매수를 청구하면 주식에 관한 매매계약이 체결되는 것으로 정한 경우 이러한 주식매수청구권은 일방의 의사표시에

    Unofficial English translation

    [1] Where, under an investment-related contract, it is stipulated that, if one party to the contract demands that the other party purchase the shares it holds, a contract of sale with respect to the shares is formed, such right to demand purchase of shares, by a unilateral expression of intent,

    Decisions referred to

    해당 본문 참조

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    If, in the absence of an agreed period, the starting point is set at the time of breach, what does this leave for the design of the recovery of invested funds?

    Where the acquisition contract contains a separate agreement on the period for exercise, examine whether a period other than 5 years applies.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

8 of 8 axes matched Gemini 3.1 Pro · 2026-10-16

As a result of an independent reading by cross-lineage AI, all 8 axes match the first reading. The disposition, the direct quotation of the text of the Summary of Decision, the Form of the test, the Factors, the Relation to precedent, and the classification of the Burden of proof accord with the language of the original text.

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below found that the share repurchase agreement in the letter of undertaking in this case was invalid for violating the former Commercial Act's restrictions on the acquisition of treasury shares, and, on the ground that the defendants could not be found to have deceived the plaintiff or that the value of the shares at the time of the agreement was not manifestly low, it did not accept the claim for damages based on joint tort (unlawful act) or the claim for damages premised on piercing the corporate veil. It held that the right to demand purchase of shares under Article 27 of the acquisition contract in this case had been extinguished before exercise upon the lapse of the 5-year exclusion period from the date of breach, February 24, 2011. It also found that the claim for damages under Article 28 of the acquisition contract was subject to the 5-year commercial extinctive prescription running from the date of breach of contract.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court stated that the right to demand purchase of shares under Article 27 of the acquisition contract in this case is a formative right that forms a sale and purchase contract by a unilateral declaration of intent, that its exercise period is an exclusion period (non-extendable statutory period), and that, in the case of investment-related contracts that constitute commercial acts, the period must be regarded as 5 years through analogous application of Article 64 of the Commercial Act. Setting out the legal principle that, where there is no agreement on the exercise period, the period runs in principle from the time the investee company or the like fails to perform its obligation, absent special circumstances, the Court found that the right had already been extinguished on the lapse of 5 years from February 24, 2011, before the plaintiff exercised the claim on October 19, 2018. It also found that the argument that prescription had been interrupted by a provisional attachment had no effect because the claim to be preserved was different, and thereby confirmed that the determination of the court below was correct. The Supreme Court dismissed all grounds of the final appeal (appeal to Supreme Court) and ordered the plaintiff to bear the costs of appeal.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where the contract separately provides for the period for exercising the right to demand purchase of shares
  • Where the investment-related contract does not constitute a commercial act, so that the analogous application of Article 64 of the Commercial Act is not at issue

Record verification notes

When applying the legal principle of Supreme Court Decision 2019Da271661 to other cases, first check whether there is an agreement on the period for exercising the right to demand purchase of shares and whether the investment-related contract constitutes a commercial act. Examine the Records for the period between the time of non-performance and the time of exercise, and for the presence or absence of special circumstances.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 투자 관련 계약에서 당사자 일방이 상대방에게 자신이 보유한 주식의 매수를 청구하면 주식에 관한 매매계약이 체결되는 것으로 정한 경우, 이러한 주식매수청구권의 법적 성질(=형성권) / 이와 같은 주식매수청구권의 행사기간이 제척기간인지 여부(적극) 및 행사기간에 관한 약정이 없는 경우, 주식매수청구권의 행사기간을 정하는 기준 [2] 상행위인 투자 관련 계약에서 투자자가 약정에 따라 투자를 실행하여 주식을 취득한 후 투자대상회사 등의 의무불이행이 있는 때에 투자자에게 다른 주주 등을 상대로 한 주식매수청구권을 부여하는 경우, 이러한 주식매수청구권은 5년의 제척기간이 지나면 소멸하는지 여부(적극) 및 그 행사기간은 투자대상회사 등의 의무불이행이 있는 때부터 기산하는지 여부(원칙적 적극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] Where, under an investment-related contract, it is stipulated that, if one party to the contract demands that the other party purchase the shares it holds, a contract of sale with respect to the shares is formed, the legal nature of such right to demand purchase of shares (= a formative right) / whether the exercise period of such right to demand purchase of shares constitutes an exclusion period (affirmative) and, where there is no agreement on the exercise period, the criteria for determining the exercise period of the right to demand purchase of shares [2] Where, under an investment-related contract which is a commercial act, the investor acquires shares by making an investment in accordance with the agreement, and upon a failure to perform obligations of the investment target company, etc., the investor is granted a right to demand purchase of shares against other shareholders, etc., whether such right to demand purchase of shares is extinguished upon the lapse of the five-year exclusion period (affirmative) and whether its exercise period runs from the time when the obligations of the investment target company, etc., are not performed (affirmative in principle)

Summary of the holding

[1] 투자 관련 계약에서 당사자 일방이 상대방에게 자신이 보유한 주식의 매수를 청구하면 주식에 관한 매매계약이 체결되는 것으로 정한 경우 이러한 주식매수청구권은 일방의 의사표시에 따라 매매계약이라는 새로운 법률관계를 형성하는 권리로서 일종의 형성권에 해당한다. 이와 같이 계약에 따라 발생하는 형성권인 주식매수청구권의 행사기간은 제척기간이다. 제척기간은 일반적으로 권리자로 하여금 자신의 권리를 신속하게 행사하도록 함으로써 법률관계를 조속히 확정하려는 데 그 제도의 취지가 있으나, 법률관계를 조속히 확정할 필요성의 정도는 그 권리를 정한 계약마다 다르므로, 주식매수청구권의 행사기간을 정할 때에도 이를 고려해야 한다. 우선 계약에서 주식매수청구권의 행사기간을 약정한 때에는 주식매수청구권은 그 기간 내에 행사되지 않으면 제척기간의 경과로 소멸한다. 반면 주식매수청구권의 행사기간에 관한 약정이 없는 때에는 그 기초가 되는 계약의 성격, 주식매수청구권을 부여한 동기나 그로 말미암아 달성하고자 하는 목적, 주식매수청구권 행사로 발생하는 채권의 행사기간 등을 고려하여 주식매수청구권의 행사기간을 정해야 한다. [2] 상행위인 투자 관련 계약에서 투자자가 약정에 따라 투자를 실행하여 주식을 취득한 후 투자대상회사 등의 의무불이행이 있는 때에 투자자에게 다른 주주 등을 상대로 한 주식매수청구권을 부여하는 경우가 있다. 특히 주주 간 계약에서 정하는 의무는 의무자가 불이행하더라도 강제집행이 곤란하거나 그로 인한 손해액을 주장·증명하기 어려울 수 있는데, 이때 주식매수청구권 약정이 있으면 투자자는 주식매수청구권을 행사하여 상대방으로부터 미리 약정된 매매대금을 지급받음으로써 상대방의 의무불이행에 대해 용이하게 권리를 행사하여 투자원금을 회수하거나 수익을 실현할 수 있게 된다. 이러한 주식매수청구권은 상행위인 투자 관련 계약을 체결한 당사자가 달성하고자 하는 목적과 밀접한 관련이 있고, 그 행사로 성립하는 매매계약 또한 상행위에 해당하므로, 이때 주식매수청구권은 상사소멸시효에 관한 상법 제64조를 유추적용하여 5년의 제척기간이 지나면 소멸한다고 보아야 한다. 한편 투자 관련 계약에서 투자대상회사 등의 의무불이행이 있는 때에 투자자가 형성권인 주식매수청구권을 행사할 수 있다고 정한 경우 특별한 사정이 없는 한 그 행사기간은 투자대상회사 등의 의무불이행이 있는 때부터 기산한다고 보아야 한다. 그렇지 않으면 행사기간이 지난 다음에 비로소 투자대상회사 등의 의무불이행이 있는 경우에 투자자가 주식매수청구권을 행사할 수 없게 되어 불합리하다.

Order

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고가 부담한다.

Unofficial English translation

All appeals are dismissed. The plaintiff shall bear the costs of the final appeal.

Provisions referred to

[1] 민법 제105조, 제564조, 상법 제335조 [2] 민법 제105조, 상법 제64조

Read 2026-10-15 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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