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Open Decision Ledger · Capital markets & finance

Criteria for distinguishing the duty to investigate and explain in a specific money trust recommended under a pre-determined method of operation

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Feb. 28, 2018, 2013Da26425 (judgment)

Case name: 예탁금반환(특정금전신탁에서 신탁회사의 주의의무의 내용과 위반의 효과)

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    How far must a trust company explain when it recommends a specific money trust of KRW 1 billion?

  2. Holding

    Where the trust company recommended the trust after having determined the method of operation in advance, it is held that the trust company owes a duty to investigate the characteristics and risks and to explain them so that the customer may become aware of them. The extent of the explanation is determined by taking into account together the content of the operation and the level of risk, and the customer's experience and ability. If, in breach of the duty of care, the trust company caused the customer to enter into a contract that the customer would not otherwise have entered into, it is held to bear liability for tort (unlawful act), and the commercial statutory rate of interest is not applied. As for the fee, the full amount agreed upon is the rule in principle, but if it is excessively large it may be reduced to a reasonable extent, and costs increased by negligence may not be claimed, the Court held.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    [1] 특정금전신탁은 위탁자가 신탁재산인 금전의 운용방법을 지정하는 금전신탁으로서 신탁회사는 위탁자가 지정한 운용방법대로 자산을 운용하여야 한다

    Unofficial English translation

    [1] A specified money trust is a money trust in which the settlor designates the method of managing the money that constitutes the trust property, and the trust company must manage the assets in accordance with the method of management designated by the settlor
  3. Disposition

    Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결 중 손해배상청구에 관한 피고 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다

    Unofficial English translation

    The portion of the judgment of the court below concerning the claim for damages, in which the judgment was rendered against the defendant, is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    [1] 특정금전신탁은 위탁자가 신탁재산인 금전의 운용방법을 지정하는 금전신탁으로서 신탁회사는 위탁자가 지정한 운용방법대로 자산을 운용하여야 한다

    Unofficial English translation

    [1] A specified money trust is a money trust in which the settlor designates the method of managing the money that constitutes the trust property, and the trust company must manage the assets in accordance with the method of management designated by the settlor
  5. Factors

    • 신탁회사는 신탁재산의 구체적 운용방법을 포함한 신탁계약의 특성 및 주요 내용과 그에 따르는 위험을 적절하고 합리적으로 조사하고
    • 이 경우 신탁회사가 고객에게 어느 정도의 설명을 하여야 하는지는 신탁재산 운용방법의 구체적 내용 및 위험도의 수준
    • 고객의 투자 경험 및 능력 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다

    Unofficial English translation

    • the trust company must appropriately and reasonably examine the characteristics and principal contents of the trust contract, including the specific method of managing the trust property, and the risks arising therefrom, and

    • in such a case, the extent of the explanation that the trust company must give to the customer is determined by comprehensively considering the specific contents of the method of managing the trust property and the level of risk

    • The customer's investment experience and capability, etc., must be comprehensively considered in the determination

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    [1] 대법원 2007. 11. 29. 선고 2005다64552 판결(공2007하, 2001)

    Unofficial English translation

    [1] Supreme Court Decision 2005Da64552 decided November 29, 2007 (Gong 2007 Ha, 2001)

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 2007. 11. 29. 선고 2005다64552 판결(공2007하, 2001), 대법원 2015. 4. 23. 선고 2013다17674 판결, 대법원 2015. 9. 10. 선고 2013다6872 판결 / [3] 대법원 1985. 5. 28. 선고 84다카966 판결(공1985, 900), 대법원 2004. 3. 26. 선고 2003다34045 판결(공2004상, 712) / [4][5] 대법원 2006. 6. 9. 선고 2004다24557 판결(공2006하, 1253) / [6] 대법원 2014. 5. 29. 선고 2013다96868 판결(공2014하, 1313), 대법원 2017. 6. 15. 선고 2015다30244, 30251 판결

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    How do the insufficiency of explanation at the recommendation stage and the neglect of management at the operation stage divide to form the basis of liability?

    If new material on the customer's experience and level of risk comes to light, the scope of explanation is reviewed again.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched Gemini 3.1 Pro · 2026-10-16

The independent reading by cross-family AI found that 7 of the 8 axes were consistent, and a difference of interpretation was identified on Axis 4 (Form of the test) arising from the focus of the language of the judgment.

Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”

The first part of the Summary of Decision defines the requirements for the establishment of the legal principle, while the second part states that, in determining the specific case at hand, multiple circumstances are to be comprehensively taken into account; the classification therefore differs depending on whether the center of gravity is placed on the definitional proposition or on the application proposition.

이 경우 신탁회사가 고객에게 어느 정도의 설명을 하여야 하는지는 신탁재산 운용방법의 구체적 내용 및 위험도의 수준, 고객의 투자 경험 및 능력 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below viewed the defendant as having designed the type and content of the trust property to be incorporated into the specific money trust and the specific method of operation before recommending the investment to the plaintiff, and the plaintiff as having passively approved this. It held that, because the defendant neglected the review for incorporation and failed to explain the risks attendant on the operation, the plaintiff was unable to make a reasonable investment judgment based on sufficient information, and therefore the defendant was liable to compensate for the resulting damage. The court below regarded this as non-performance, and added delay damages at the commercial statutory rate of interest of 6% per annum from February 22, 2009 to the date of pronouncement of the judgment of the court below to the principal of the damages. In addition, while finding a breach of the defendant's duty to exercise the care of a good manager, it limited the trust fee to 70% of the agreed amount, and ordered the return of the legal expenses disbursed by the defendant.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court summarized the position that, where the defendant substantially recommended the investment, the defendant owes a duty to investigate the characteristics and principal terms of the trust contract, including the specific method of operation of the trust property, and the risks arising therefrom, and to explain them so that the customer may understand, and that the degree of explanation is determined by the specific content of the method of operation and the level of risk, together with the customer's investment experience, ability, and the like. However, it found an error in that the court below treated this liability for damages as non-performance and added the commercial statutory rate of interest, holding this to be a misunderstanding of the legal nature of liability for damages arising from breach of the duty to protect the investor. Accordingly, it reversed the portion of the judgment against the defendant with respect to the claim for damages, and remanded that part of the case to the Seoul High Court for further hearing and determination, and dismissed the remaining final appeal. It further pointed out that the claim for non-performance asserted in the principal alternative and the claim for tort (unlawful act) asserted in the subsidiary alternative before the court below stand in a relation of optional joinder.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where the trust company did not determine the method of operation in advance and recommend on that basis, and the settlor designated the method of operation himself or herself
  • A case in which there is no special circumstance warranting the view that the agreed fee amount is unjustly excessive and contrary to good faith or equity

Record verification notes

In applying the legal principle of Supreme Court Decision 2013Da26425 to another case, one must first confirm who determined the method of operation of the trust property and whether there was a substantial recommendation to invest. In light of the content of the operation, the level of risk, and the customer's investment experience and ability, one must examine the scope of explanation and the legal nature of the liability, and compare the grounds for the propriety of the agreed fee and the disbursement of expenses.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 신탁회사가 특정금전신탁의 신탁재산인 금전의 구체적 운용방법을 미리 정하여 놓고 고객에게 계약 체결을 권유하는 등 실질적으로 투자를 권유하였다고 볼 수 있는 경우, 신탁재산의 구체적 운용방법을 포함한 신탁계약의 특성 등을 고객에게 설명하여야 할 주의의무를 부담하는지 여부(적극) 및 이 경우 고객에게 어느 정도의 설명을 하여야 하는지 판단하는 기준 [2] 신탁회사가 고객을 보호하여야 할 주의의무를 위반함으로써 고객이 본래 체결하지 않았을 신탁계약을 체결하게 된 경우, 신탁회사가 불법행위로 인한 손해배상책임을 지는지 여부(적극) 및 이 경우 채무불이행에 의한 손해배상책임도 지는지 여부(원칙적 소극) [3] 불법행위로 인한 손해배상채무에 상사법정이율이 적용되는지 여부(소극) [4] 신탁보수약정이 있는데도 약정된 보수액의 전부를 청구할 수 없는 경우 [5] 신탁계약에서 수탁자가 선량한 관리자의 주의의무를 위반하여 신탁비용을 지출한 경우, 이러한 과실로 확대된 신탁비용에 대하여 비용상환청구를 할 수 있는지 여부(소극) [6] 병합의 형태가 선택적 병합인지 예비적 병합인지 판단하는 기준(=병합청구의 성질)

Unofficial English translation

[1] Where a trust company has, in advance, determined the specific method of managing the money that constitutes the trust property of a specified money trust and recommended the conclusion of the contract to the customer or otherwise substantively recommended the investment, whether the trust company bears a duty of care to explain to the customer the characteristics of the trust contract, including the specific method of management of the trust property (affirmative), and the criterion for determining the extent of the explanation that must be given to the customer in such a case [2] Where, by breaching its duty of care to protect the customer, a trust company causes the customer to conclude a trust contract that the customer would not otherwise have concluded, whether the trust company is liable for damages arising from a tort (affirmative), and whether in such a case it is also liable for damages for non-performance of an obligation (in principle, negative) [3] Whether the statutory commercial interest rate applies to a debt for damages arising from a tort (negative) [4] Cases where, notwithstanding the existence of an agreement on trust fees, the entire amount of the agreed fees cannot be claimed [5] Where, under a trust contract, the trustee has expended trust expenses in breach of the duty of care of a prudent manager, whether a claim for reimbursement of expenses may be made in respect of the trust expenses increased as a result of such negligence (negative) [6] The criterion for determining whether the form of joinder is elective joinder or alternative joinder (= the nature of the joined claims)

Summary of the holding

[1] 특정금전신탁은 위탁자가 신탁재산인 금전의 운용방법을 지정하는 금전신탁으로서 신탁회사는 위탁자가 지정한 운용방법대로 자산을 운용하여야 한다. 그 운용과정에서 신탁회사가 신탁재산에 대하여 선량한 관리자의 주의의무를 다하였다면 자기책임의 원칙상 신탁재산의 운용 결과에 대한 손익은 모두 수익자에게 귀속된다. 그러나 신탁회사가 특정금전신탁의 신탁재산인 금전의 구체적인 운용방법을 미리 정하여 놓고 고객에게 계약 체결을 권유하는 등 실질적으로 투자를 권유하였다고 볼 수 있는 경우에는, 신탁회사는 신탁재산의 구체적 운용방법을 포함한 신탁계약의 특성 및 주요 내용과 그에 따르는 위험을 적절하고 합리적으로 조사하고, 그 결과를 신탁계약의 고객이 이해할 수 있도록 명확히 설명함으로써 고객이 그 정보를 바탕으로 합리적인 투자판단을 할 수 있도록 고객을 보호하여야 할 주의의무가 있다. 이 경우 신탁회사가 고객에게 어느 정도의 설명을 하여야 하는지는 신탁재산 운용방법의 구체적 내용 및 위험도의 수준, 고객의 투자 경험 및 능력 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다. [2] 신탁회사가 신탁계약의 체결을 권유하면서 합리적인 투자판단을 할 수 있도록 고객을 보호하여야 할 주의의무를 위반함으로써 고객이 본래 체결하지 않았을 신탁계약을 체결하게 된 경우, 신탁회사는 신탁계약 체결로 고객이 입게 된 손해에 관하여 불법행위로 인한 손해배상책임을 지고, 다른 특별한 사정이 없는 한 계약상의 채무불이행에 의한 손해배상책임을 지지는 않는다. [3] 상법 제54조의 상사법정이율은 상행위로 인한 채무나 이와 동일성을 가진 채무에 관하여 적용되는 것이고, 상행위가 아닌 불법행위로 인한 손해배상채무에는 적용되지 아니한다. [4] 신탁보수약정을 한 경우에 신탁사무를 완료한 수탁자는 위탁자에게 약정된 보수액을 전부 청구할 수 있는 것이 원칙이다. 그러나 신탁사무처리의 내용 및 경과, 신탁기간, 신탁사무로 인한 위탁자의 손실 규모 및 발생 경위, 그 밖에 변론에 나타난 제반 사정을 고려하여 약정된 보수액이 부당하게 과다하여 신의성실의 원칙이나 형평의 원칙에 반한다고 볼 만한 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에는 상당하다고 인정되는 범위로 보수액을 제한할 수 있다. [5] 수탁자가 신탁의 본지에 따라 신탁사업을 수행하면서 정당하게 지출하거나 부담한 신탁비용 등에 관하여는 신탁자에게 보상을 청구할 수 있다. 그러나 수탁자가 선량한 관리자의 주의의무를 위반하여 신탁비용을 지출한 경우에는 이러한 과실로 인하여 확대된 비용은 신탁비용의 지출 또는 부담에 정당한 사유가 없는 경우에 해당하여 수탁자는 비용상환청구를 할 수 없다. [6] 병합의 형태가 선택적 병합인지 예비적 병합인지는 당사자의 의사가 아닌 병합청구의 성질을 기준으로 판단하여야 한다.

Order

원심판결 중 손해배상청구에 관한 피고 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다. 나머지 상고를 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

The portion of the judgment of the court below concerning the claim for damages, in which the judgment was rendered against the defendant, is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court. The remainder of the final appeal is dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 구 신탁법(2011. 7. 25. 법률 제10924호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제1조 제2항(현행 제2조 참조), 제28조(현행 제32조 참조), 민법 제2조, 제750조 [2] 구 신탁법(2011. 7. 25. 법률 제10924호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제1조 제2항(현행 제2조 참조), 민법 제2조, 제393조, 제750조 [3] 상법 제54조 [4] 구 신탁법(2011. 7. 25. 법률 제10924호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제43조(현행 제47조 참조), 민법 제2조 [5] 구 신탁법(2011. 7. 25. 법률 제10924호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제28조(현행 제32조 참조), 제42조(현행 제46조 참조) [6] 민사소송법 제253조

Read 2026-10-15 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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