Open Decision Ledger · Corporate law & governance
The Scope of a Representative Director's Duty to Supervise and Duty to Establish an Internal Control System in Large Corporations
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Nov. 11, 2021, 2017Da222368 (judgment)
Case name: 회사에관한소송
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
How far does the representative director's duty to supervise extend at a company that was fined for long-term, large-scale price fixing?
Holding
Based on Article 399 paragraph (1), Article 389 paragraph (3), and Article 209 paragraph (1) of the Commercial Act, the Supreme Court set out the representative director's general duty to supervise. Even in a large corporation where division of work is unavoidable, the duty to supervise is not excused merely by an allocation of duties, and the establishment of an internal control system is necessary. That system is a device that must go beyond accounting fraud and include the management of compliance with laws and regulations as well as reporting and corrective measures. The price fixing in this case continued from November 2004 to November 2010 across multiple items through meetings of executives and meetings of team leaders, and administrative fines totaling 32,043,000,000 won were imposed. Even if no direct instruction is found, if the matter was left unattended without making any effort whatsoever to establish such a system, liability for breach of the duty to supervise arises.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
[1] 이사가 고의 또는 과실로 법령 또는 정관에 위반한 행위를 하거나 그 임무를 게을리한 경우에는 그 이사는 회사에 대하여 연대하여 손해를 배상할 책임이 있다(상법 제399조 제1항). 주식회사의 이사는 담당업무는 물론 다른 업무담당이사의 업무집행을 감시할 의무가 있으므로 스스로 법령을 준수해야 할 뿐 아니라 다른 업무담당이사들도 법령을 준수하여 업무를 수행하도록 감시·감독하여야 할 의무를 부담한다
Unofficial English translation
[1] Where a director, intentionally or negligently, commits an act in violation of statutes or subordinate statutes or the articles of incorporation, or neglects his or her duty, such director shall be liable, jointly and severally, to the company for compensation for the damage (Article 399(1) of the Commercial Act). Since a director of a stock company has the duty to supervise not only the work in his or her charge but also the work execution of other directors in charge of work, he or she bears the duty not only to comply with statutes and subordinate statutes himself or herself, but also to supervise and oversee that other directors in charge of work perform their work in compliance with statutes and subordinate statutes
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
[1] 이사가 고의 또는 과실로 법령 또는 정관에 위반한 행위를 하거나 그 임무를 게을리한 경우에는 그 이사는 회사에 대하여 연대하여 손해를 배상할 책임이 있다(상법 제399조 제1항). 주식회사의 이사는 담당업무는
Unofficial English translation
[1] Where a director, intentionally or negligently, commits an act in violation of statutes or subordinate statutes or the articles of incorporation, or neglects his or her duty, such director shall be liable, jointly and severally, to the company for compensation for the damage (Article 399(1) of the Commercial Act). A director of a stock company, the work in his or her charge,
Factors
- 다른 대표이사나 업무담당이사의 업무집행이 위법하다고 의심할 만한 사유가 있음에도 고의 또는 과실로 인하여 감시의무를 위반하여 이를 방치한 때에는
- 그러한 사정만으로 다른 이사들의 업무집행에 관한 감시의무를 면할 수는 없다.
- 회사가 사업운영상 준수해야 하는 제반 법규를 체계적으로 파악하여 그 준수 여부를 관리하고, 위반사실을 발견한 경우 즉시 신고 또는 보고하여 시정조치를 강구할 수 있는 형태로 구현되어야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
• Where, despite the existence of grounds for suspecting that the work execution of another representative director or another director in charge of work is unlawful, the director has, intentionally or negligently, violated the duty to supervise by leaving it unattended,
• the duty to supervise the work execution of other directors cannot be exempted merely by such circumstances.
• It must be embodied in a form whereby the company systematically ascertains the various rules and regulations it must observe in the course of business operations, manages whether they are complied with, and, upon discovery of any violation, immediately makes a report or notification so that corrective measures may be sought.
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
[2] 대법원 2008. 9. 11. 선고 2006다68636 판결(공2008하, 1345)
Unofficial English translation
[2] Supreme Court Decision 2006Da68636 decided September 11, 2008 (Gong 2008 Ha, 1345)
Decisions referred to
[2] 대법원 2008. 9. 11. 선고 2006다68636 판결(공2008하, 1345)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
In an oligopolistic market where the incentive to collude is high, what reporting system must a representative director have in place to be regarded as having fulfilled the duty to supervise?
The holding will be reconsidered if minutes or materials on the reporting system that demonstrate efforts to establish and operate internal controls are additionally confirmed.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
8 of 8 axes matched Gemini 3.1 Pro · 2026-10-16
As a result of the independent reading by cross-family AI, all eight axes agree with the first reading. The operative part, the quotation of the original text of the Summary of Decision, Form of the test, Factors, Relation to precedent, and the Burden of proof classification conform to the wording of the original text.
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: In a case where the representative director's duty to supervise and duty to establish an internal control system were at issue, the Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below and remanded the case to the Seoul High Court. The Holdings framed as issues whether liability for compensation arises where a director leaves another director's unlawful conduct of business unattended, whether the duty to supervise applies in a large corporation, and the form of the internal control system.
Supreme Court standard: Based on Article 399 paragraph (1), Article 389 paragraph (3), and Article 209 paragraph (1) of the Commercial Act, the Supreme Court set out the representative director's general duty to supervise. Even in a large corporation where division of work is unavoidable, the duty to supervise is not excused merely by an allocation of duties, and the establishment of an internal control system is necessary. That system is a device that must go beyond accounting fraud and include the management of compliance with laws and regulations as well as reporting and corrective measures. The price fixing in this case continued from November 2004 to November 2010 across multiple items through meetings of executives and meetings of team leaders, and administrative fines totaling 32,043,000,000 won were imposed. Even if no direct instruction is found, if the matter was left unattended without making any effort whatsoever to establish such a system, liability for breach of the duty to supervise arises. Applying the standard that liability for compensation is imposed as one who has neglected the duty to supervise where, although there were grounds to suspect that another representative director or the director in charge was conducting business unlawfully, the representative director breached the duty to supervise by leaving it unattended, or where, although a high legal risk was foreseeable, no effort whatsoever to establish an internal control system was made and the unlawful conduct of business was not prevented, the Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below and remanded the case to the Seoul High Court.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where there were no grounds to suspect that another director's conduct of business was unlawful
- Where a reasonable information and reporting system and an internal control system were established, efforts were made to ensure that they operated properly, and the performance of the duty to supervise was not deliberately disregarded
Record verification notes
When applying the legal principle of Supreme Court Decision 2017Da222368 to other cases, one first checks whether there were grounds to suspect unlawfulness, and whether there was intent or negligence in the breach of the duty to supervise and whether the matter was left unattended. One also examines, in light of the company's size and statutory regulation and the like, whether there was a high legal risk, whether there were efforts to establish and operate an internal control system, and whether the performance of the duty to supervise was deliberately disregarded.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 대표이사가 다른 이사의 업무집행이 위법하다고 의심할 만한 사유가 있는데도 고의 또는 과실로 감시의무를 위반하여 이를 방치한 경우, 이로 인해 회사가 입은 손해에 대하여 배상책임을 지는지 여부(적극) [2] 대규모 회사에서 대표이사와 업무담당이사들이 내부적인 사무분장에 따라 각자의 전문 분야를 전담하여 처리하는 것이 불가피하다는 사정만으로 다른 이사들의 업무집행에 관한 감시의무를 면하는지 여부(원칙적 소극) 및 이러한 경우 구축하여야 할 내부통제시스템의 형태 / 대표이사가 회사의 목적이나 규모, 영업의 성격, 법령의 규제 등에 비추어 높은 법적 위험이 예상되는데도 이와 관련된 내부통제시스템을 구축하고 그것이 제대로 작동되도록 하기 위한 노력을 전혀 하지 않거나 위 시스템을 통한 감시·감독의무의 이행을 의도적으로 외면하여 다른 이사 등의 위법한 업무집행을 방지하지 못한 경우, 대표이사로서 회사 업무 전반에 대한 감시의무를 게을리한 것인지 여부(적극)
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether, where a representative director has grounds to suspect that the work execution of another director is unlawful and yet, intentionally or negligently, has violated the duty to supervise by leaving it unattended, the representative director is liable for compensation for the damage suffered by the company thereby (affirmative) [2] Whether, merely by the circumstance that, in a large-scale company, it is inevitable that the representative director and the directors in charge of work each handle his or her own specialized field exclusively in accordance with the internal division of work, the representative director is exempted from the duty to supervise the work execution of other directors (in principle, negative) and the form of the internal control system that must be built in such a case / Whether, where a representative director, notwithstanding that a high degree of legal risk is expected in light of the purpose or scale of the company, the nature of its business, the regulation by statutes and subordinate statutes, and the like, has made no effort whatsoever to establish an internal control system related thereto and to make efforts for it to operate properly, or has intentionally turned away from the performance of the duty to supervise and oversee through the said system and thus failed to prevent the unlawful work execution of other directors, etc., the representative director has neglected the duty to supervise the overall business of the company as a representative director (affirmative)
Summary of the holding
[1] 이사가 고의 또는 과실로 법령 또는 정관에 위반한 행위를 하거나 그 임무를 게을리한 경우에는 그 이사는 회사에 대하여 연대하여 손해를 배상할 책임이 있다(상법 제399조 제1항). 주식회사의 이사는 담당업무는 물론 다른 업무담당이사의 업무집행을 감시할 의무가 있으므로 스스로 법령을 준수해야 할 뿐 아니라 다른 업무담당이사들도 법령을 준수하여 업무를 수행하도록 감시·감독하여야 할 의무를 부담한다. 특히 대표이사는 회사의 영업에 관하여 재판상 또는 재판 외의 모든 행위를 할 권한이 있으므로(상법 제389조 제3항, 제209조 제1항), 모든 직원의 직무집행을 감시할 의무를 부담함은 물론, 이사회의 구성원으로서 다른 대표이사를 비롯한 업무담당이사의 전반적인 업무집행을 감시할 권한과 책임이 있다. 따라서 다른 대표이사나 업무담당이사의 업무집행이 위법하다고 의심할 만한 사유가 있음에도 고의 또는 과실로 인하여 감시의무를 위반하여 이를 방치한 때에는 이로 말미암아 회사가 입은 손해에 대하여 상법 제399조 제1항에 따른 배상책임을 진다. [2] 이사의 감시의무의 구체적인 내용은 회사의 규모나 조직, 업종, 법령의 규제, 영업상황 및 재무상태에 따라 크게 다를 수 있는데, 고도로 분업화되고 전문화된 대규모 회사에서 대표이사 및 업무담당이사들이 내부적인 사무분장에 따라 각자의 전문 분야를 전담하여 처리하는 것이 불가피한 경우라 할지라도 그러한 사정만으로 다른 이사들의 업무집행에 관한 감시의무를 면할 수는 없다. 그러한 경우 합리적인 정보 및 보고시스템과 내부통제시스템(이하 ‘내부통제시스템’이라고 한다)을 구축하고 그것이 제대로 작동되도록 하기 위한 노력을 전혀 하지 않거나 위와 같은 시스템이 구축되었다 하더라도 회사 업무 전반에 대한 감시·감독의무를 이행하는 것을 의도적으로 외면한 결과 다른 이사의 위법하거나 부적절한 업무집행 등 이사들의 주의를 요하는 위험이나 문제점을 알지 못하였다면, 이사의 감시의무 위반으로 인한 손해배상책임을 진다. 이러한 내부통제시스템은 비단 회계의 부정을 방지하기 위한 회계관리제도에 국한되는 것이 아니라, 회사가 사업운영상 준수해야 하는 제반 법규를 체계적으로 파악하여 그 준수 여부를 관리하고, 위반사실을 발견한 경우 즉시 신고 또는 보고하여 시정조치를 강구할 수 있는 형태로 구현되어야 한다. 특히 회사 업무의 전반을 총괄하여 다른 이사의 업무집행을 감시·감독하여야 할 지위에 있는 대표이사가 회사의 목적이나 규모, 영업의 성격 및 법령의 규제 등에 비추어 높은 법적 위험이 예상되는 경우임에도 이와 관련된 내부통제시스템을 구축하고 그것이 제대로 작동되도록 하기 위한 노력을 전혀 하지 않거나 위와 같은 시스템을 통한 감시·감독의무의 이행을 의도적으로 외면한 결과 다른 이사 등의 위법한 업무집행을 방지하지 못하였다면, 이는 대표이사로서 회사 업무 전반에 대한 감시의무를 게을리한 것이라고 할 수 있다.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 상법 제209조 제1항, 제389조 제3항, 제399조 제1항 [2] 상법 제209조 제1항, 제389조 제3항, 제399조 제1항
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