Open Decision Ledger · Economic crime
Calculation of the Amount of Gains in Fraud Involving the Discounting of Promissory Notes and Checks, and Whether Punishment Is Possible under the Short-Term Finance Business Act Based on Delegated Standards That Have Not Been Publicly Announced
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Dec. 9, 1998, 98Do3282 (judgment)
Case name: 특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(사기)(일부인정된죄명:사기·사기방조)·폭력행위등처벌에관한법률위반(일부인정된죄명:공갈미수·협박)·부정수표단속법위반(일부인정된죄명:부정수표단속법위반방조)·단기금융업법위반(일부인정된죄명:단기금융업법위반방조)·폭력행위등처벌에관한법률위반·부정수표단속법위반·유가증권위조·위조유가증권행사·사기(인정된죄명:특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(사기)·사문서위조·위조사문서행사·사기
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
In fraud involving the discounting of promissory notes and checks, is the amount of gains under the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes the face amount of the promissory note or check, or the amount of cash actually received?
Holding
Setting aside the case where there is a special agreement for a consumer loan, the amount of gains is not the face amount but the amount of cash actually received by the defendant, and the benefit of having obtained a deferral of performance of a debt by delivering promissory notes or checks in payment of an existing debt cannot be calculated and is not added to the amount of gains. Further, if the Minister of Finance and Economy has not set the maturity of promissory notes and publicly announced it, a person cannot be punished for engaging in the short-term finance business without authorization, and the Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below, which failed to examine these points, as to Defendant 1 and Defendant 2.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
위 어음·수표의 액면금이 아니라 피고인이 수령한 현금액이라고 할 것이다.
Unofficial English translation
not the face amount of the said bills and checks, but the amount of cash received by the defendant.
Disposition
Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결 중 피고인 1, 피고인 2에 대한 부분을 파기하고, 그 부분을 대구고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below as to Defendant 1 and Defendant 2 is reversed, and that part is remanded to the Daegu High Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
채무이행을 연기받은 것에 의한 재산상의 이익액은 이를 산출할 수 없으므로
Unofficial English translation
since the amount of pecuniary benefit from obtaining a deferral of performance of an obligation cannot be calculated,
Factors
- 지급기일에 결제되지 않으리라는 점을 예견하였거나
- 선이자와 비용을 합한 금액을 대여원금으로 하기로 하고 대여이율을 정하는 등의 소비대차특약
- 기존채무를 소멸시키기로 하는 특약을 하지 않는 한
- 공고문서(고시·공고 등 행정기관이 일정한 사항을 일반에게 알리기 위한 문서)의 형태로
Unofficial English translation
• where it was foreseen that payment would not be made on the date of payment, or
• a special loan-for-consumption agreement under which the amount combining prepaid interest and expenses is treated as the principal of the loan, and the lending interest rate is determined, and the like
• unless a special agreement is made to extinguish the existing debt
• in the form of a public notice document (a document, such as a notice or public announcement, by which an administrative agency informs the public of certain matters)
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 1997. 7. 25. 선고 97도1095 판결(공1997하, 2758)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 97Do1095 decided July 25, 1997 (Gong 1997 Ha, 2758)
Decisions referred to
[3][6]대법원 1997. 7. 25. 선고 97도1095 판결(공1997하, 2758) / [3] 대법원 1993. 7. 27. 선고 93도1408 판결(공1993하, 2478), 대법원 1997. 7. 25. 선고 97도1095 판결(공1997하, 2758), 대법원 1997. 12. 26. 선고 97도2609 판결(공1998상, 475) / [4] 대법원 1992. 6. 23. 선고 91다43848 전원합의체 판결(공1992, 2245), 대법원 1994. 11. 22. 선고 94다20709 판결(공1995상, 69) / [5] 대법원 1996. 11. 8. 선고 95다25060 판결(공1997상, 713), 대법원 1997. 3. 28. 선고 97다126, 133 판결(공1997상, 1221) / [6] 대법원 1983. 11. 8. 선고 83도1723 판결(공1984, 54), 대법원 1986. 10. 14. 선고 86도1501 판결(공1986, 3070), 대법원 1997. 2. 14. 선고 96도2904 판결(공1997상, 850)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Where the amount of cash actually received in a discounting transaction cannot be ascertained from the records, how should it be determined whether the amount-of-gains threshold under the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes is met?
If the provisions on the amount-of-gains threshold under Article 3 of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes, or on the requirements for the effect of administrative rules supplementing statutes, are amended, this reading will be checked again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
In comparison with an independent reading by another AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on the eighth axis (Open question and revisit condition).
Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Where the amount of cash actually received in a discounting transaction cannot be ascertained from the records, how should it be determined whether the amount-of-gains threshold under the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes is met?” vs Independent “Where there is a special agreement for a consumer loan that includes pre-determined interest and expenses in the principal of the loan, how specifically is the amount of gains under the offense of fraud calculated?”
The first reading asks about the test for aggravated punishment where the amount actually received cannot be ascertained, while the independent reading asks about the calculation of the amount of gains where there is a special agreement including pre-determined interest and expenses in the principal.
위 어음·수표의 액면금이 아니라 피고인이 수령한 현금액이라고 할 것이다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below found Defendant 1 and Defendant 2 guilty of violations of the Short-Term Finance Business Act without examining what maturity the Minister of Finance and Economy had set for promissory notes subject to the short-term finance business, or whether this had been publicly announced. As to habitual fraud, it held that the defendants received and misappropriated cash equivalent to the face amount of the promissory notes and checks they discounted, and that in cases where promissory notes and checks in the name of a shell company were delivered in payment of existing debts, the defendants obtained a benefit in the same amount by being released from payment of those debts.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court pointed to the court below's misapprehension of legal principles and failure to exhaust deliberations, on the grounds that, although the delegation itself is not unconstitutional, if the maturity has not been publicly announced there can be no punishment; that the amount of gains is the amount of cash actually received; and that delivery of promissory notes alone does not extinguish the existing debt and the benefit of deferred performance cannot be added to the amount of gains. It accepted the finding of the intent to defraud and the remaining findings on the facts of the crimes, but reversed and remanded the entire portion concerning Defendant 1 and Defendant 2, which had been sentenced as concurrent crimes, and dismissed the final appeal of Defendant 3, who had not filed a written statement of grounds for final appeal.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the parties have made a special agreement for a consumer loan with the principal of the loan being the sum of pre-determined interest and expenses
- Where the parties have specially agreed that the existing debt is extinguished merely by delivery of promissory notes or checks
- Where the maturity standard for promissory notes under the delegation has been publicly announced or notified to the general public by means of an announcement document
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, one needs to check whether the amount of cash actually handed over in each discounting transaction can be identified by evidence, whether there was a special agreement extinguishing the existing debt, and whether the delegated standard was publicly announced.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 구 단기금융업법 제2조 제1항 후문의 위헌 여부(소극) [2] 구 단기금융업법 제2조 제1항 후문의 위임에 따라 재무부장관이 정하는 어음의 만기의 효력발생요건(=공고문서에 의한 고시 또는 공고) [3] 지급기일에 결제되지 않으리라는 점을 예견하였거나 지급될 수 있다는 확신 없이 수표나 어음을 할인받은 경우, 사기죄의 성립 여부(적극) [4] 어음·수표의 할인에 의한 사기죄에 있어서 피고인이 취득한 재산상의 이익액(=실제 수령한 현금액) [5] 기존 채무의 변제조로 약속어음 또는 당좌수표를 교부한 경우, 기존 채무의 소멸 여부(소극) [6] 사기죄에 있어서 채무이행을 연기받는 것이 재산상 이익에 해당하는지 여부(적극) 및 그 이익액을 산출할 수 있는지 여부(소극)
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether the latter part of Article 2 (1) of the former Short-Term Finance Business Act is unconstitutional (negative) [2] Requirements for the effective occurrence of the maturity of a negotiable instrument determined by the Minister of Finance pursuant to the delegation in the latter part of Article 2 (1) of the former Short-Term Finance Business Act (= notice or public announcement by means of a public notice document) [3] Whether the offense of fraud is established where a person foresaw that payment would not be made on the date of payment, or discounted a check or bill without confidence that it could be paid (affirmative) [4] The amount of pecuniary benefit obtained by the defendant in the offense of fraud by discounting a bill or check (= the amount of cash actually received) [5] Whether the existing debt is extinguished where a promissory note or a check on a bank account was delivered in lieu of payment of an existing debt (negative) [6] Whether obtaining a deferral of performance of an obligation constitutes a pecuniary benefit in the offense of fraud (affirmative) and whether the amount of such benefit may be calculated (negative)
Summary of the holding
[1] 단기금융업의 대상인 어음의 만기를 얼마 이내로 할 것인가는 그때 그때의 경제상황에 따라 기동적, 탄력적으로 정할 필요가 있으므로, 구 단기금융업법(1998. 1. 13. 법률 제5503호 종합금융회사에관한법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제2조 제1항에서 어음의 만기를 1년 이내로 대강의 범위를 정한 후 보다 구체적인 범위를 주무장관인 재무부장관이 부령의 형식에 의하지 아니하고 신속·적절하게 정할 수 있도록 위임한 것을 헌법에 배치된다고 볼 수 없다. [2] 구 단기금융업법(1998. 1. 13. 법률 제5503호 종합금융회사에관한법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제2조 제1항, 제3조 제1항, 제23조 제1항의 규정을 종합하여 보면 재무부장관이 정하는 어음의 만기는 같은 법 제2조 제1항 후문의 위임에 따라 정한 것으로서, 실질적으로 위 법률의 내용을 보충하는 기능을 지니면서 위 법률의 위임한계를 벗어나지 아니하는 한 위 법률과 결합하여 대외적으로 구속력이 있는 법규명령의 성질을 가진 것이라고 보아야 할 것이고, 이는 사무관리규정(대통령령 제13390호) 제7조의 공문서의 종류 중 공고문서(고시·공고 등 행정기관이 일정한 사항을 일반에게 알리기 위한 문서)의 형태로 일반에게 고시 또는 공고가 되어야 그 효력을 발생한다고 할 것이므로(위 사무관리규정 제8조 제2항), 재무부장관이 단기금융업의 대상인 어음의 만기를 정하지 않았거나 이를 정하였다고 하더라도 일반에게 고시 또는 공고하지 아니한 이상 재무부장관의 인가 없이 단기금융업을 영위하였다고 하여 형사처벌할 수 없다. [3] 수표나 어음이 지급기일에 결제되지 않으리라는 점을 예견하였거나 지급기일에 지급될 수 있다는 확신이 없으면서도 그러한 내용을 수취인에게 고지하지 아니하고 이를 속여서 할인을 받으면 사기죄가 성립한다. [4] 어음·수표의 할인에 의한 사기죄에 있어서 피고인이 피해자로부터 수령한 현금액이 피고인이 피해자에게 교부한 어음·수표의 액면금보다 적을 경우, 피고인이 취득한 재산상의 이익액은, 당사자가 선이자와 비용을 공제한 현금액만을 실제로 수수하면서도 선이자와 비용을 합한 금액을 대여원금으로 하기로 하고 대여이율을 정하는 등의 소비대차특약을 한 경우는 별론으로 하고, 위 어음·수표의 액면금이 아니라 피고인이 수령한 현금액이라고 할 것이다. [5] 기존 채무의 변제조로 약속어음 또는 당좌수표를 교부한 경우, 당사자가 기존채무를 소멸시키기로 하는 특약을 하지 않는 한 위 교부만에 의하여는 기존채무가 소멸하지 아니하고, 위 약속어음 또는 당좌수표가 결제되었을 때 비로소 기존채무가 소멸한다. [6] 약속어음 또는 당좌수표를 수수함에 의하여 채무이행을 연기받는 것도 재산상의 이익이 되므로, 채무이행을 연기받은 사기죄는 성립할 수 있으나, 채무이행을 연기받은 것에 의한 재산상의 이익액은 이를 산출할 수 없으므로 이는 특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률 제3조 제1항 제2호의 이득액을 계산함에 있어서는 합산될 것이 아니다.
Order
원심판결 중 피고인 1, 피고인 2에 대한 부분을 파기하고, 그 부분을 대구고등법원에 환송한다. 피고인 3의 상고를 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below as to Defendant 1 and Defendant 2 is reversed, and that part is remanded to the Daegu High Court. The final appeal of Defendant 3 is dismissed.
Provisions referred to
[1] 헌법 제13조 제1항, 제75조, 제95조, 구 단기금융업법(1998. 1. 13. 법률 제5503호 종합금융회사에관한법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제2조 제1항 [2] 구 단기금융업법(1998. 1. 13. 법률 제5503호 종합금융회사에관한법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제2조 제1항, 제3조 제1항, 제23조 제1항, 사무관리규정(대통령령 제13390호) 제7조, 제8조 [3] 형법 제347조 [4] 형법 제347조 [5] 형법 제347조 [6] 형법 제347조, 특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률 제3조 제1항
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