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Open Decision Ledger · Economic crime

Business Judgment and a Strict Standard for Finding Intent to Commit Breach of Trust When a Surety Insurance Company Manager Underwrites Surety Bonds

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, July 22, 2004, 2002Do4229 (judgment)

Case name: 특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(배임)·보험업법위반

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where the representative director of a surety insurance company, over the opposition of its staff, underwrote a surety insurance contract and a loss resulted, may intent to commit breach of trust in the course of business be found on the basis of that result alone?

  2. Holding

    In business judgment, intent of breach of trust is recognized only where, in light of all the circumstances, the act is recognized as an intentional act involving awareness of the acquisition of gain and the occurrence of loss. The Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below, which had found intent, stating that liability cannot be imposed on the basis of the result of the occurrence of loss or a neglect of the duty of care alone.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    그러한 인식이 없는데 단순히 본인에게 손해가 발생하였다는 결과만으로 책임을 묻거나 주의의무를 소홀히 한 과실이 있다는 이유로 책임을 물을 수는 없다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Where there is no such recognition, liability cannot be imposed merely on the basis of the result that loss was caused to the principal, nor can liability be imposed on the ground that there was negligence in failing to observe the duty of care.
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    의도적 행위임이 인정되는 경우에 한하여 배임죄의 고의를 인정하는 엄격한 해석기준은 유지되어야 할 것이고

    Unofficial English translation

    a strict standard of interpretation whereby intent for the offense of breach of trust is recognized only where the conduct is found to be intentional should be maintained, and
  5. Factors

    • 문제된 경영상의 판단에 이르게 된 경위와 동기
    • 판단대상인 사업의 내용
    • 기업이 처한 경제적 상황
    • 손실발생의 개연성과 이익획득의 개연성

    Unofficial English translation

    • The circumstances and motives leading to the business judgment in question

    • The content of the business subject to the judgment

    • The economic situation facing the corporation

    • The probability of incurring loss and the probability of obtaining profit

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2003. 10. 10. 선고 2003도3516 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2003Do3516 decided October 10, 2003

    Decisions referred to

    [1][2] 대법원 2003. 10. 10. 선고 2003도3516 판결 / [1] 대법원 2003. 2. 11. 선고 2002도5679 판결(공2003상, 851)

  7. Burden of proof

    The prosecution Read from the decision

    고의와 상당한 관련성이 있는 간접사실을 증명하는 방법에 의하여 입증할 수밖에 없고

    Unofficial English translation

    proof can be adduced only by proving indirect facts that have a considerable relevance to intent, and
  8. Open question and revisit condition

    What weight, as circumstantial evidence supporting intent of breach of trust, does the circumstance carry that the manager, at the request of a counterparty with whom the manager had a personal acquaintance, underwrote the surety bond in the face of the staff's opposition?

    This reading is to be rechecked if Supreme Court precedents on the relationship between business judgment and intent of breach of trust, or on the requirement of loss in the offense of breach of trust, change.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

5 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

Compared with the independent reading by another AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 5 of the 8 axes matched, and the readings diverged on Axis 4 (Form of the test), Axis 7 (Burden of proof), and Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition).

Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”

As the original text presents both the requirement for finding intent — that the act be an intentional act — and a comprehensive examination of all the circumstances, the first reading may focus on the elements while the independent reading may focus on the manner of decision.

문제된 경영상의 판단에 이르게 된 경위와 동기, 판단대상인 사업의 내용, 기업이 처한 경제적 상황, 손실발생의 개연성과 이익획득의 개연성 등 제반 사정에 비추어

Axis 7 (Burden of proof): Primary “The prosecution” vs Independent “Not addressed”

As the original text explains the method of proving by circumstantial evidence the intent of a defendant who denies criminal intent, the first reading may read out the prosecution's burden of proof, while the independent reading may note that the party bearing the burden is not expressly identified.

고의와 상당한 관련성이 있는 간접사실을 증명하는 방법에 의하여 입증할 수밖에 없고

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “What weight, as circumstantial evidence supporting intent of breach of trust, does the circumstance carry that the manager, at the request of a counterparty with whom the manager had a personal acquaintance, underwrote the surety bond in the face of the staff's opposition?” vs Independent “Where the manager recognized the risk of loss yet expected a benefit to the company, what specific circumstances distinguish dolus eventualis (conditional intent) of breach of trust from negligence?”

The first reading asks about the weight of the particular circumstantial facts of the personal acquaintance and the staff's opposition, while the independent reading asks about the boundary between intent and negligence where a benefit is expected while the risk is recognized.

그러한 인식이 없는데 단순히 본인에게 손해가 발생하였다는 결과만으로 책임을 묻거나 주의의무를 소홀히 한 과실이 있다는 이유로 책임을 물을 수는 없다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: With regard to both counts of the indictment, the court below found intent of breach of trust, holding that, even if the selection or re-selection of the favored contractor did not violate the business guidelines, the totality of the circumstances — namely that, in the face of the staff's opposition, the payment guarantee was underwritten by arbitrarily interpreting the business guidelines without careful examination — showed a breach of duty and awareness of the possibility of the acquisition of gain and the occurrence of loss. It also held that, since the risk of loss had arisen at the time of the payment guarantee, the fact that some of the convertible bonds were later converted into shares did not affect the establishment of the offense of breach of trust.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court restated the standard that, in business judgment, intent must be found only where, in light of the circumstances and motives, the nature of the business, the economic situation, and the probability of loss and gain, the act is recognized as an intentional act. To the extent ascertainable from the reasons, it noted the fact that the company of Non-indicted 1 was a surety insurance company established for the purpose of supplementing the credit of businesses or individuals lacking sufficient collateral capacity, and, holding that it is difficult to conclude summarily that the underwriting of the surety insurance contract was an act in breach of duty or that there was intent of breach of trust, it reversed and remanded the judgment of the court below.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where the circumstances show, by evidence, that the manager intended to take a personal benefit or made the decision without gathering information
  • Where the assumption of the risk was not by a surety insurance company, for which that business is its original line of business, but by an ordinary company that guaranteed another's debt without collateral
  • Where circumstantial evidence supporting the acquisition of gain for oneself or a third party and awareness of the possibility of loss to the principal is sufficiently proved

Record verification notes

Before contesting intent of breach of trust by invoking business judgment, one must check whether the information gathered at the time of the decision, the internal review procedure, and the assessment of the probability of loss and gain are in fact left in the Records.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 업무상배임죄의 고의와 그 입증 방법 및 배임죄에 있어서 ‘재산상의 손해를 가한 때’의 의미 [2] 경영상의 판단과 관련하여 기업의 경영자에게 배임의 고의가 있었는지 여부를 판단하는 방법 [3] 보증보험회사의 경영자가 경영상의 판단에 따라 보증보험회사의 영업으로 행한 보증보험계약의 인수가 임무위배행위에 해당한다거나 배임의 고의가 있었다고 단정하기 어렵다고 한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] The intent of the crime of occupational breach of trust, the method of proving it, and the meaning of 'the time when pecuniary loss is inflicted' in the offense of breach of trust [2] The method of determining whether the manager of a corporation had intent for breach of trust in connection with a business judgment [3] A case in which it was held difficult to categorically assert that the assumption of surety insurance contracts, executed by the manager of a surety insurance company as its business in accordance with a business judgment, constitutes a breach of duty or that there was intent for breach of trust

Summary of the holding

[1] 일반적으로 업무상배임죄의 고의는 업무상 타인의 사무를 처리하는 자가 본인에게 재산상의 손해를 가한다는 의사와 자기 또는 제3자의 재산상의 이득의 의사가 임무에 위배된다는 인식과 결합하여 성립되는 것이며, 이와 같은 업무상배임죄의 주관적 요소로 되는 사실(고의, 동기 등의 내심적 사실)은 피고인이 본인의 이익을 위하여 문제가 된 행위를 하였다고 주장하면서 범의를 부인하고 있는 경우에는 사물의 성질상 고의와 상당한 관련성이 있는 간접사실을 증명하는 방법에 의하여 입증할 수밖에 없고, 무엇이 상당한 관련성이 있는 간접사실에 해당할 것인가는 정상적인 경험칙에 바탕을 두고 치밀한 관찰력이나 분석력에 의하여 사실의 연결상태를 합리적으로 판단하는 방법에 의하여야 하고, 배임죄에 있어서 ‘재산상의 손해를 가한 때’라 함은 현실적인 손해를 가한 경우뿐만 아니라 재산상 실해 발생의 위험을 초래한 경우도 포함된다. [2] 경영상의 판단과 관련하여 기업의 경영자에게 배임의 고의가 있었는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서도 일반적인 업무상배임죄에 있어서 고의의 입증 방법과 마찬가지의 법리가 적용되어야 함은 물론이지만, 기업의 경영에는 원천적으로 위험이 내재하여 있어서 경영자가 아무런 개인적인 이익을 취할 의도 없이 선의에 기하여 가능한 범위 내에서 수집된 정보를 바탕으로 기업의 이익에 합치된다는 믿음을 가지고 신중하게 결정을 내렸다 하더라도 그 예측이 빗나가 기업에 손해가 발생하는 경우가 있을 수 있는바, 이러한 경우에까지 고의에 관한 해석기준을 완화하여 업무상배임죄의 형사책임을 묻고자 한다면 이는 죄형법정주의의 원칙에 위배되는 것임은 물론이고 정책적인 차원에서 볼 때에도 영업이익의 원천인 기업가 정신을 위축시키는 결과를 낳게 되어 당해 기업뿐만 아니라 사회적으로도 큰 손실이 될 것이므로, 현행 형법상의 배임죄가 위태범이라는 법리를 부인할 수 없다 할지라도, 문제된 경영상의 판단에 이르게 된 경위와 동기, 판단대상인 사업의 내용, 기업이 처한 경제적 상황, 손실발생의 개연성과 이익획득의 개연성 등 제반 사정에 비추어 자기 또는 제3자가 재산상 이익을 취득한다는 인식과 본인에게 손해를 가한다는 인식(미필적 인식을 포함)하의 의도적 행위임이 인정되는 경우에 한하여 배임죄의 고의를 인정하는 엄격한 해석기준은 유지되어야 할 것이고, 그러한 인식이 없는데 단순히 본인에게 손해가 발생하였다는 결과만으로 책임을 묻거나 주의의무를 소홀히 한 과실이 있다는 이유로 책임을 물을 수는 없다. [3] 보증보험회사의 경영자가 경영상의 판단에 따라 보증보험회사의 영업으로 행한 보증보험계약의 인수가 임무위배행위에 해당한다거나 배임의 고의가 있었다고 단정하기 어렵다고 한 사례.

Order

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

Provisions referred to

[1] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조 [2] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조 [3] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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