Open Decision Ledger · Rehabilitation & bankruptcy
Avoidance of a Gratuitous Act in a Reorganization Company's Guarantee of an Affiliate's Debt and the Standard for Assessing Adequacy
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Nov. 27, 2008, 2006Da50444 (judgment)
Case name: 부인의소등
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
A guarantee given by a reorganization company for an affiliate that is the principal debtor is a gratuitous act subject to avoidance; by what standard is its adequacy assessed?
Holding
Unless the reorganization company receives a direct and concrete economic benefit as consideration for the guarantee, the gratuitous character is not negated even for a guarantee given for an affiliate. It was held that the adequacy of a gratuitous act must be assessed by comprehensively considering objective elements, such as the state of property and business at the time of the act, socioeconomic necessity, and the content and amount of the act and the economic benefit, rather than subjective circumstances.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
달리 정리회사가 보증의 대가로서 직접적이고도 현실적인 경제적 이익을 받지 아니하는 한 그 보증행위의 무상성을 부정할 수는 없다.
Unofficial English translation
Otherwise, unless the company in reorganization has received a direct and concrete economic benefit in return for the guarantee, the gratuitous nature of that guarantee cannot be denied.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Form of the test
Circumstances weighed Stated in the decision
행위의 내용 및 금액과 이로 인한 정리회사의 경제적 이익 등 객관적 요소를 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
It must be determined by comprehensively considering objective elements such as the content and amount of the act and the economic benefit of the company in reorganization arising therefrom.
Factors
- 직접적이고도 현실적인 경제적 이익
- 행위 당시의 정리회사의 재산 및 영업 상태
- 행위의 사회경제적 필요성
- 행위의 내용 및 금액과 이로 인한 정리회사의 경제적 이익
Unofficial English translation
• A direct and concrete economic benefit
• The property and business status of the company in reorganization at the time of the act
• The socioeconomic necessity of the act
• The content and amount of the act and the economic benefit of the company in reorganization arising therefrom
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2003. 9. 26. 선고 2003다29128 판결
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2003Da29128 decided September 26, 2003
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 1999. 3. 26. 선고 97다20755 판결(공1999상, 760), 대법원 2003. 9. 26. 선고 2003다29128 판결 / [2] 대법원 2002. 8. 23. 선고 2001다78898 판결(공2002하, 2199), 대법원 2004. 3. 26. 선고 2003다65049 판결(공2004상, 723)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Where the reorganization company has received a guarantee fee, security, or the like as consideration for the guarantee, to what extent must such consideration be regarded as a direct and concrete economic benefit so that the gratuitous character is negated?
This reading will be checked again if the provision on avoidance of gratuitous acts in Article 100 (1) 4 of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act is amended, or if subsequent decisions addressing the gratuitous character of guarantees for affiliates are handed down.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
When compared with an independent reading by another AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on the eighth axis (Open question and revisit condition).
Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Where the reorganization company has received a guarantee fee, security, or the like as consideration for the guarantee, to what extent must such consideration be regarded as a direct and concrete economic benefit so that the gratuitous character is negated?” vs Independent “To what extent must the socioeconomic necessity of a guarantee for an affiliate be present before adequacy is recognized, requiring holders of reorganization claims to bear the reduction of the estate or the inequity?”
The first reading asks to what degree the consideration must rise to negate the gratuitous character, while the independent reading asks to what degree the socioeconomic necessity must rise to limit the right of avoidance.
달리 정리회사가 보증의 대가로서 직접적이고도 현실적인 경제적 이익을 받지 아니하는 한 그 보증행위의 무상성을 부정할 수는 없다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below found that Kolon TNS, standing in a position of fully shared economic interests with Kolon World, provided a comprehensive guarantee and the like; that this was an act necessary for the successful conduct of the commercialization business and for the increase of Kolon TNS's economic interests; that it was appropriate and inevitable at the time; and that there were special circumstances precluding its being regarded as a gratuitous act, and therefore did not accept the exercise of the right of avoidance.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court noted that, at the time of the guarantee, Kolon TNS was already in a state of capital impairment with default imminent, that it had continued to borrow funds through window-dressed accounting before arriving at the guarantee, and that within a little over four months both companies had defaulted; holding that, in light of these circumstances, the absence of a direct and concrete economic benefit meant that the gratuitous character could not be negated, and that this was not an exceptional case in which adequacy could be recognized, it found that the court below had misapprehended the legal principle on avoidance of gratuitous acts and reversed and remanded the case.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the reorganization company has received a direct and concrete economic benefit as consideration for the guarantee, such as receipt of a guarantee fee or provision of security
- Where, at the time of the guarantee, the property and business condition of the reorganization company was sound, so that the transaction can be evaluated as socially and economically necessary and adequate
- Where the type of avoidance at issue is not avoidance of a gratuitous act but a type involving subjective requirements, such as intentional avoidance or avoidance of acts in a state of crisis
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, check whether there was consideration accruing directly to the reorganization company in connection with the guarantee, and whether the reorganization company's financial condition and business need at the time of the guarantee objectively support adequacy.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 정리회사가 주채무자인 계열회사를 위하여 보증을 제공한 것이 채권자의 주채무자에 대한 출연의 직접적 원인이 된 경우 보증행위의 무상성 [2] 구 회사정리법상 부인의 대상이 되는 행위에 상당성이 인정되는 경우 부인권 행사가 제한되는지 여부(적극) 및 무상행위의 부인에 있어 상당성 여부의 판단 기준
Unofficial English translation
[1] The gratuitous nature of a guarantee provided by a company in reorganization for an affiliated company that is the principal debtor, where the guarantee was the direct cause of the creditor's contribution to the principal debtor [2] Whether the exercise of the right of avoidance is limited where an act subject to avoidance under the former Corporate Reorganization Act is found to possess adequacy (affirmative) and the criteria for determining adequacy in the avoidance of a gratuitous act
Summary of the holding
[1] 정리회사가 주채무자를 위하여 보증을 제공한 것이 채권자의 주채무자에 대한 출연의 직접적 원인이 되는 경우에도 정리회사의 보증행위와 이로써 이익을 얻은 채권자의 출연 사이에는 사실상의 관계가 있음에 지나지 않고 정리회사가 취득하게 될 구상권이 언제나 보증행위의 대가로서 경제적 이익에 해당한다고 볼 수도 없으므로, 달리 정리회사가 보증의 대가로서 직접적이고도 현실적인 경제적 이익을 받지 아니하는 한 그 보증행위의 무상성을 부정할 수는 없다. 정리회사가 주채무자인 계열회사를 위하여 보증을 한 경우에도 이러한 법리는 달라지지 않는다. [2] 구 회사정리법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지)에서 부인의 대상이 되는 행위가 행위 당시의 개별적·구체적 사정에 따라서는 사회적으로 필요하고 상당하였다거나 불가피하였다고 인정되어 정리채권자가 정리회사 재산의 감소나 불공평을 감수하여야 하는 경우가 있다. 이러한 예외적인 경우에는 채권자 평등, 채무자의 보호와 이해관계의 조정이라는 구 회사정리법의 지도이념이나 정의관념에 비추어 같은 법 제78조에 정한 부인권 행사의 대상이 될 수 없다고 보아야 한다. 다만, 무상행위의 부인은, 그 대상인 행위가 대가를 수반하지 않는 것으로서 정리회사의 수익력과 정리채권자 일반의 이익을 해할 위험이 특히 현저하기 때문에 정리회사와 수익자의 주관적 사정을 고려하지 아니하고 오로지 행위의 내용과 시기에 착안하여 특수한 부인유형으로서 규정되어 있는 점에 비추어, 그 행위의 상당성 여부의 판단에 있어서도 행위의 목적·의도와 동기, 수익자와의 통모 여부 등 정리회사와 수익자의 주관적 상태보다는 행위 당시의 정리회사의 재산 및 영업 상태, 행위의 사회경제적 필요성, 행위의 내용 및 금액과 이로 인한 정리회사의 경제적 이익 등 객관적 요소를 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 구 회사정리법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제78조 제1항 제4호(현행 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제100조 제1항 제4호 참조), 민법 제428조 [2] 구 회사정리법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제78조(현행 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제100조 참조)
Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
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