Open Decision Ledger · Economic crime
Whether a Loan Exceeding the Same-Person Lending Limit Is Alone Sufficient to Establish Property Damage to a Community Credit Cooperative for the Crime of Occupational Breach of Trust
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, June 19, 2008, 2006Do4876 (en banc judgment)
Case name: 특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(배임)·업무상배임·새마을금고법위반
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Can it be held that property damage for the purposes of occupational breach of trust was caused to a Community Credit Cooperative solely because one of its officers or employees made a loan exceeding the same-person lending limit in violation of the applicable provisions?
Holding
A loan exceeding the lending limit for the same person alone does not constitute the crime of occupational breach of trust absent special circumstances. The Supreme Court held that property damage may be recognized only where it is found that there is a problem in recovering the loan claim due to a lack of the borrower's ability to repay or deficient collateral, and changed its earlier decisions to the contrary.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
동일인 대출한도를 초과하여 대출함으로써 구 새마을금고법을 위반하였다고 하더라도, 대출한도 제한규정 위반으로 처벌함은 별론으로 하고, 그 사실만으로 특별한 사정이 없는 한 업무상배임죄가 성립한다고 할 수 없고
Unofficial English translation
Even though a violation of the former Community Credit Cooperatives Act was committed by extending a loan exceeding the loan limit on a single person, apart from punishment for violation of the loan limit restriction, that fact alone, absent special circumstances, cannot be regarded as constituting the crime of occupational breach of trust, and
Disposition
Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
이 부분을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
This part is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
채무상환능력이 부족하거나 제공된 담보의 경제적 가치가 부실해서 대출채권의 회수에 문제가 있는 것으로 판단되는 경우에 재산상 손해가 발생하였다고 보아 업무상배임죄가 성립한다고 해야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
In cases where the ability to repay the debt is insufficient or the economic value of the security provided is deficient, and there is deemed to be a problem in recovering the loan claim, it must be regarded that property damage has occurred and that the crime of occupational breach of trust is constituted.
Factors
- 대출 당시의 대출채무자의 재무상태
- 다른 금융기관으로부터의 차입금
- 사업현황 및 전망과 대출금의 용도
- 제공된 담보의 경제적 가치가 부실해서
- 임명권자인 새마을금고 이사장이 임명한 간부 또는 일반 직원을 모두 포함하는 것
Unofficial English translation
• the financial status of the borrower at the time of the loan
• borrowings from other financial institutions
• business conditions and prospects and the use of the loan funds
• because the economic value of the security provided is deficient
• including both executives or ordinary employees appointed by the chairman of the Community Credit Cooperative, who holds the power of appointment
Relation to precedent
Changes earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2003. 5. 16. 선고 2002도2030 판결(변경)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2002Do2030 decided May 16, 2003 (changed)
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2003. 5. 16. 선고 2002도2030 판결(변경), 대법원 2004. 8. 20. 선고 2004도3926 판결(변경), 대법원 2004. 11. 25. 선고 2004도5332 판결(변경), 대법원 2006. 7. 28. 선고 2005도6586 판결(변경)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
In the case of a loan exceeding the lending limit for the same person, what special circumstances, apart from the risk of recovery, are included that permit recognition of the crime of occupational breach of trust?
This reading is re-examined if the provisions of the Community Credit Cooperatives Act on the lending limit for the same person are amended, or if a decision on breach of trust concerning over-limit loans by other mutual financial institutions is handed down.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
Compared with an independent reading by another lineage of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 6 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on the 4th axis (Form of the test) and the 8th axis (Open question and revisit condition).
Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”
The structure of the original text, which requires, in addition to the exceeding of the limit, a problem in the recovery of the loan claim, reads as Elements stated, whereas the part that assesses the problem of recovery in light of various circumstances such as financial condition and collateral value can be read as Circumstances weighed.
대출 당시의 대출채무자의 재무상태, 다른 금융기관으로부터의 차입금, 기타 채무를 포함한 전반적인 금융거래상황, 사업현황 및 전망과 대출금의 용도, 소요기간 등에 비추어 볼 때Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “In the case of a loan exceeding the lending limit for the same person, what special circumstances, apart from the risk of recovery, are included that permit recognition of the crime of occupational breach of trust?” vs Independent “To what degree must a lack of repayment ability or collateral value reach in order to find that there is a problem in the recovery of the loan claim?”
The first reading asks about the exceptional circumstances that permit finding breach of trust apart from the risk of recovery, while the independent reading asks about the degree of insufficiency of repayment ability or collateral value required to recognize the risk of recovery.
동일인 대출한도를 초과하여 대출함으로써 구 새마을금고법을 위반하였다고 하더라도, 대출한도 제한규정 위반으로 처벌함은 별론으로 하고, 그 사실만으로 특별한 사정이 없는 한 업무상배임죄가 성립한다고 할 수 없고Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below found only the fact that the loans of Defendant 1, Defendant 2, and Defendant 6 exceeded the lending limit for the same person, and immediately found the crime of occupational breach of trust or the crime of violation of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment of Specific Economic Crimes (breach of trust). It also treated Defendant 2, who was a managing director, as a subject of the crime of violation of the Community Credit Cooperatives Act, and found the offense of breach of trust on the ground that the write-off of the loan amount and the reduction of interest constituted a breach of duty.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, changed its earlier decisions and found that the court below had misapprehended legal principles in finding the offense of breach of trust on the mere fact that the limit was exceeded, and, on the basis of the concurrence-of-offenses relationship, reversed and remanded the parts concerning Defendant 1 and Defendant 2 and the guilty parts concerning Defendant 6. It held that the determination regarding the subject of the violation of the Community Credit Cooperatives Act and the part concerning breach of trust in the write-off were proper, and dismissed the final appeals of Defendant 3, Defendant 4, and Defendant 5. The four justices who wrote separate opinions took the view that the exceeding of the limit alone caused damage whose amount could not be calculated.
Distinguishing conditions
- A case in which there is a problem in recovering the loan claim in light of the borrower's financial condition or the value of the collateral at the time of the loan
- A case in which the issue concerned a breach of duty that directly reduced the assets of the Community Credit Cooperative, such as the write-off of the loan amount or the reduction of interest, rather than a violation of the lending limit for the same person
- A case in which a separate infringement of property value is at issue, such as the disbursement of a fund whose use is strictly prescribed by statute to an ineligible person
Record verification notes
Before asserting that an over-limit loan does not constitute breach of trust, one needs to check whether the borrower's ability to repay and the economic value of the collateral provided were in fact sufficient at the time of the loan, and whether there is room for separate punishment as the offense of violation of the lending limit under the Community Credit Cooperatives Act.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 새마을금고 임·직원이 동일인 대출한도 제한규정을 위반하여 초과대출행위를 한 사실만으로 새마을금고에 업무상배임죄를 구성하는 재산상 손해가 발생하였다고 볼 수 있는지 여부(소극) [2] 구 새마을금고법 제66조에서 정한 범행주체인 새마을금고의 ‘직원’의 범위
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether property damage constituting the crime of occupational breach of trust against a Community Credit Cooperative may be regarded as arising from the mere fact that an officer or employee of a Community Credit Cooperative extended a loan exceeding the loan limit on a single person, in violation of the limit restriction (negative) [2] The scope of 'employees' of a Community Credit Cooperative, the class of offenders prescribed in Article 66 of the former Community Credit Cooperatives Act
Summary of the holding
[1] [다수의견] 새마을금고의 동일인 대출한도 제한규정은 새마을금고 자체의 적정한 운영을 위하여 마련된 것이지 대출채무자의 신용도를 평가해서 대출채권의 회수가능성을 직접적으로 고려하여 만들어진 것은 아니므로 동일인 대출한도를 초과하였다는 사실만으로 곧바로 대출채권을 회수하지 못하게 될 위험이 생겼다고 볼 수 없고, 구 새마을금고법(2007. 5. 25. 법률 제8485호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제26조의2, 제27조에 비추어 보면 동일인 대출한도를 초과하였다는 사정만으로는 다른 회원들에 대한 대출을 곤란하게 하여 새마을금고의 적정한 자산운용에 장애를 초래한다는 등 어떠한 위험이 발생하였다고 단정할 수도 없다. 따라서 동일인 대출한도를 초과하여 대출함으로써 구 새마을금고법을 위반하였다고 하더라도, 대출한도 제한규정 위반으로 처벌함은 별론으로 하고, 그 사실만으로 특별한 사정이 없는 한 업무상배임죄가 성립한다고 할 수 없고, 일반적으로 이러한 동일인 대출한도 초과대출이라는 임무위배의 점에 더하여 대출 당시의 대출채무자의 재무상태, 다른 금융기관으로부터의 차입금, 기타 채무를 포함한 전반적인 금융거래상황, 사업현황 및 전망과 대출금의 용도, 소요기간 등에 비추어 볼 때 채무상환능력이 부족하거나 제공된 담보의 경제적 가치가 부실해서 대출채권의 회수에 문제가 있는 것으로 판단되는 경우에 재산상 손해가 발생하였다고 보아 업무상배임죄가 성립한다고 해야 한다. [대법관 고현철, 김황식, 김능환, 차한성의 별개의견] 새마을금고의 특수성 내지 성격 등에 비추어 새마을금고법이 동일인에 대한 대출한도를 정하여 엄격히 규제하는 취지가, 특정 소수의 회원에게 과도하게 편중 대출하는 것을 제한하여 모든 회원에게 골고루 대출이 이루어지도록 하는 등으로 새마을금고의 자금이 그 사업목적에 들어맞게 사용되도록 하려는 데 있고, 이것이 재산적 가치에 포함되는 것으로 보는 이상 새마을금고의 임·직원이 동일인에 대한 대출한도를 초과하여 대출하였다면, 이는 상대방에게는 한도를 초과한 대출을 받을 수 있도록 금융편의 내지 금융이익을 제공하는 것이고, 새마을금고에는 다른 회원들에게 균등하게 대출하는 등의 사업목적에 사용할 자금을 그 한도초과대출금에 해당하는 만큼 부당하게 감소시킴으로써 그 자금이 그 목적사업을 위하여 사용되는 것이 저해되었거나 저해될 위험이 초래된 것이다. 이러한 의미에서 새마을금고는 그만큼의 재산상의 손해를 입은 것이어서 업무상배임죄가 성립하며, 이때 그 한도초과대출금의 회수가능 여부는 고려할 것이 아니다. 다만, 새마을금고가 입는 손해는 재산상의 이익이나 손해에 해당하지만 가액을 산정할 수 없다. [2] 구 새마을금고법(2007. 5. 25. 법률 제8485호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제66조에서 규정하고 있는 범행의 주체인 새마을금고의 ‘직원’이란 임명권자인 새마을금고 이사장이 임명한 간부 또는 일반 직원을 모두 포함하는 것이고, 임명권자인 이사장에 의하여 임명된 이상 그 간부 직원이 자격요건인 전형시험에 합격한 사실이 없다고 하여도 달리 볼 것은 아니다.
Order
원심판결 중 피고인 1, 피고인 2에 대한 부분과 피고인 6에 대한 유죄 부분을 각 파기하고, 이 부분을 서울고등법원에 환송한다. 피고인 3, 피고인 4, 피고인 5의 상고를 모두 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed in part as to Defendant 1 and Defendant 2 and in part as to the finding of guilt against Defendant 6, and this part is remanded to the Seoul High Court. All appeals by Defendant 3, Defendant 4, and Defendant 5 are dismissed.
Provisions referred to
[1] 형법 제356조, 구 새마을금고법(2007. 5. 25. 법률 제8485호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제26조의2(현행 제29조 참조), 제27조(현행 제30조 참조), 제66조(현행 제85조 참조) [2] 구 새마을금고법(2007. 5. 25. 법률 제8485호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제66조(현행 제86조 참조)
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