Open Decision Ledger · Criminal & investigative procedure
Limits on When an Appellate Court May Overturn the Trial Court's Assessment of the Credibility of Witness Testimony Given at First Instance, and the Principle of Direct Examination in Substance
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Nov. 24, 2006, 2006Do4994 (judgment)
Case name: 유가증권위조·위조유가증권행사·사문서위조·위조사문서행사
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
When the court of first instance, disbelieving the statement of a witness it examined directly, entered a judgment of not guilty, may the appellate court, relying only on the Records, find that statement credible and change the outcome to guilty?
Holding
Unless there are special circumstances warranting the view that the first-instance determination was clearly erroneous, or unless, when the results of the additional evidence-gathering conducted by the appellate court are also taken into account, the case falls within the exceptional situation in which leaving that determination intact would be manifestly unjust, the appellate court must not overturn the first-instance assessment of credibility merely because its own assessment differs. In particular, in order to overturn a first-instance determination that rejected the credibility of statements supporting the facts charged, manifestly sufficient and persuasive circumstances must appear.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
항소심으로서는 제1심 증인이 한 진술의 신빙성 유무에 대한 제1심의 판단이 항소심의 판단과 다르다는 이유만으로 이에 대한 제1심의 판단을 함부로 뒤집어서는 아니 된다.
Unofficial English translation
As the appellate court, it must not lightly overturn the judgment of the court of first instance on the presence or absence of the credibility of the statements made by a witness of the court of first instance, merely because the judgment of the court of first instance differs from the judgment of the appellate court.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 이 사건을 서울서부지방법원 합의부로 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the collegiate panel of the Seoul Western District Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
진술의 신빙성을 배척한 제1심의 판단을 수긍할 수 없는 충분하고도 납득할 만한 현저한 사정이 나타나는 경우이어야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
It must be a case in which sufficient and persuasive, manifest circumstances appear such that the judgment of the court of first instance rejecting the credibility of the statements cannot be accepted.
Factors
- 법관의 면전에서 직접 조사한 증거만을 재판의 기초로 삼을 수 있고
- 제1심의 판단이 명백하게 잘못되었다고 볼 특별한 사정
- 그대로 유지하는 것이 현저히 부당하다고 인정되는 예외적인 경우
- 진술에 임하는 증인의 모습과 태도를 직접 관찰한 제1심
Unofficial English translation
• Only evidence directly examined in the presence of a judge may be taken as the basis of the trial, and
• special circumstances in which the judgment of the court of first instance can be regarded as clearly wrong,
• exceptional cases in which maintaining it as it is is deemed manifestly unjust,
• the court of first instance, which directly observed the appearance and demeanor of the witness making the statement
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 1991. 10. 22. 선고 91도1672 판결(공1991, 2871)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 91Do1672 decided October 22, 1991 (Gong 1991, 2871)
Decisions referred to
[2] 대법원 1991. 10. 22. 선고 91도1672 판결(공1991, 2871), 대법원 1994. 11. 25. 선고 94도1545 판결(공1995상, 139), 대법원 1996. 12. 6. 선고 96도2461 판결(공1997상, 279), 대법원 2005. 5. 26. 선고 2005도130 판결(공2005하, 1088)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Even where the appellate court examined the same witness again, is the degree to which it must respect the first-instance assessment of credibility the same?
If the Criminal Procedure Act is amended so as to change the method of evidence-gathering or the structure of proceedings in criminal appeals, this reading will be reviewed again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
A comparison with an independent reading by another line of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the primary reading, showed that 7 of the 8 axes matched, while the readings diverged on Axis 5 (Factors).
Axis 5 (Factors): Primary “Only evidence examined directly in the presence of the judge may be taken as the basis for the trial / Special circumstances warranting the view that the first-instance determination was clearly erroneous / The exceptional case in which leaving it intact is recognized as manifestly unjust / The court of first instance, which directly observed the demeanor and attitude of the witness in making the statement” vs Independent “The content of the first-instance judgment and the evidence properly subjected to evidence-gathering at first instance / The results of the additional evidence-gathering conducted up to the close of argument at the appellate stage / The demeanor and attitude of the witness in making the statement”
The witness's demeanor and attitude overlap, but the primary reading centers its factors on the principle of direct examination and the requirements for exception to reversal, whereas the independent reading centers them on the evidence-gathering materials of the first instance and the appellate court.
항소심으로서는 제1심 증인이 한 진술의 신빙성 유무에 대한 제1심의 판단이 항소심의 판단과 다르다는 이유만으로 이에 대한 제1심의 판단을 함부로 뒤집어서는 아니 된다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court of first instance entered a judgment of not guilty, holding that, in light of the fact that the registered seal of complainant Non-indicted 1 was affixed to the promissory note and the power of attorney and other matters, it was difficult to believe the statements of Non-indicted 1 and Non-indicted 2 that they had never given a joint and several guarantee. The court below additionally examined some of the documents submitted by the defendant, but, relying mainly on the fact that, in the loan-related documents already contained in the investigation Records, there was no signature or seal of Non-indicted 1 in the space for the joint and several guarantor, and that no certificate of seal impression had been obtained, among other matters, it found the statements of the two persons credible and entered a judgment of guilty.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court viewed the circumstances relied on by the court below as merely some of the circumstances already raised during the investigation and at first instance and already considered by the court of first instance, and therefore not manifest circumstances sufficient to overturn the first-instance determination. Holding that the measure taken by the court below ran counter to the principle of trial-centeredness and the principle of direct examination, thereby violating the rules of evidence, the Supreme Court reversed and remanded the judgment of the court below.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where there are special circumstances warranting the view that the first-instance assessment of credibility was clearly erroneous in light of the content of the first-instance judgment and the Evidence
- Where, when the Evidence newly examined by the appellate court is also taken into account, leaving the first-instance determination intact would be manifestly unjust
- Where the matter in dispute is not the credibility of witness testimony but the interpretation of documentary evidence or a question of legal principle
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, one needs to check whether the circumstances relied on by the appellate court as the basis for its assessment of credibility had already emerged and been considered at first instance, and whether any Evidence was newly examined by the appellate court.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 형사소송법이 공판중심주의의 한 요소로서 채택하는 실질적 직접심리주의의 취지 및 법원이 취하여야 할 조치 [2] 증인 진술의 신빙성을 부정한 제1심의 판단을 항소심이 뒤집을 수 있는 경우 [3] 증인 진술의 신빙성에 대한 제1심의 판단을 뒤집은 항소심의 조치에 공판중심주의와 직접심리주의의 원칙에 어긋남으로써 채증법칙을 위반한 위법이 있다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] The purport of the substantive principle of direct trial, which the Criminal Procedure Act adopts as an element of the trial-centered principle, and the measures the court should take [2] Cases in which the appellate court may overturn the judgment of the court of first instance denying the credibility of a witness's statements [3] A case in which it was held that the appellate court's measure of overturning the judgment of the court of first instance on the credibility of a witness's statements violated the rules of evidence in that it contravened the principles of the trial-centered principle and the principle of direct trial
Summary of the holding
[1] 우리 형사소송법은 형사사건의 실체에 대한 유죄·무죄의 심증 형성은 법정에서의 심리에 의하여야 한다는 공판중심주의의 한 요소로서, 법관의 면전에서 직접 조사한 증거만을 재판의 기초로 삼을 수 있고 증명 대상이 되는 사실과 가장 가까운 원본 증거를 재판의 기초로 삼아야 하며 원본 증거의 대체물 사용은 원칙적으로 허용되어서는 안 된다는 실질적 직접심리주의를 채택하고 있는바, 이는 법관이 법정에서 직접 원본 증거를 조사하는 방법을 통하여 사건에 대한 신선하고 정확한 심증을 형성할 수 있고 피고인에게 원본 증거에 관한 직접적인 의견진술의 기회를 부여함으로써 실체적 진실을 발견하고 공정한 재판을 실현할 수 있기 때문이다. 형사소송절차를 주재하는 법원으로서는 형사소송절차의 진행과 심리 과정에서 법정을 중심으로 특히, 당사자의 주장과 증거조사가 이루어지는 원칙적인 절차인 제1심의 법정에서 위와 같은 실질적 직접심리주의의 정신이 충분하고도 완벽하게 구현될 수 있도록 하여야 할 것이다. [2] 제1심판결 내용과 제1심에서 적법하게 증거조사를 거친 증거들에 비추어 제1심 증인이 한 진술의 신빙성 유무에 대한 제1심의 판단이 명백하게 잘못되었다고 볼 특별한 사정이 있거나, 제1심의 증거조사 결과와 항소심 변론종결시까지 추가로 이루어진 증거조사 결과를 종합하면 제1심 증인이 한 진술의 신빙성 유무에 대한 제1심의 판단을 그대로 유지하는 것이 현저히 부당하다고 인정되는 예외적인 경우가 아니라면, 항소심으로서는 제1심 증인이 한 진술의 신빙성 유무에 대한 제1심의 판단이 항소심의 판단과 다르다는 이유만으로 이에 대한 제1심의 판단을 함부로 뒤집어서는 아니 된다. 특히 공소사실을 뒷받침하는 증거의 경우에는, 증인신문 절차를 진행하면서 진술에 임하는 증인의 모습과 태도를 직접 관찰한 제1심이 증인의 진술에 대하여 그 신빙성을 인정할 수 없다고 판단하였음에도 불구하고, 항소심이 이를 뒤집어 그 진술의 신빙성을 인정할 수 있다고 판단할 수 있으려면, 진술의 신빙성을 배척한 제1심의 판단을 수긍할 수 없는 충분하고도 납득할 만한 현저한 사정이 나타나는 경우이어야 한다. [3] 증인 진술의 신빙성에 대한 제1심의 판단을 뒤집은 항소심의 조치에 공판중심주의와 직접심리주의의 원칙에 어긋남으로써 채증법칙을 위반한 위법이 있다고 한 사례.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 이 사건을 서울서부지방법원 합의부로 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the collegiate panel of the Seoul Western District Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 형사소송법 제275조 제1항, 제308조, [2] 형사소송법 제308조 [3] 형사소송법 제308조
Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
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