Open Decision Ledger · Economic crime
The victim of breach of trust and calculation of the amount of property damage where a partner secretly registers partnership land in a third party's name
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Apr. 28, 2011, 2009Do14268 (judgment)
Case name: 특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(배임)·모해위증·무고
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Where a partner, without the other partner's knowledge, alters the sale contract for land intended to become partnership property and registers title in a third party's name, who is the victim of the offense of breach of trust, and may the entire purchase price of the land be treated as the amount of loss?
Holding
Because the defendant is a person who handles the affairs of the partnership, the victim of the offense of breach of trust is the partnership, not the other partner individually. Because the partnership was released from the obligation to pay the balance of the price, the amount equivalent to the purchase price of the land cannot be treated as the amount of damage as it stands, and the decrease in the overall value of the property must be examined.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
재산상의 손실을 야기한 임무위배행위가 동시에 그 손실을 보상할 만한 재산상의 이익을 준 경우, 예컨대 배임행위로 인한 급부와 반대급부가 상응하고 다른 재산상 손해(현실적인 손해 또는 재산상 실해 발생의 위험)도 없는 때에는 전체적 재산가치의 감소, 즉 재산상 손해가 있다고 할 수 없다.
Unofficial English translation
Where a breach of duty that caused a pecuniary loss concurrently conferred a pecuniary benefit sufficient to compensate for that loss, for example, where the performance arising from the act of breach of trust and the counter-performance correspond to each other and there is no other pecuniary damage (actual damage or the risk of the occurrence of pecuniary disadvantage), a decrease in the overall property value, that is, pecuniary damage, cannot be regarded as existing.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Form of the test
Existing test applied Read from the decision
원심판단에 배임죄의 재산상 손해액에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
A case in which the judgment of the court below was held to be erroneous as a misapprehension of legal principles regarding the amount of pecuniary damage in the offense of breach of trust
Factors
- 2인 이상이 상호출자 하여 공동사업을 경영할 것을 내용으로 하는 민법 제703조가 정한 조합계약
- 선량한 관리자의 주의로 사무를 처리해야 할 의무
- 총체적으로 보아 본인의 재산상태에 손해를 가하는 경우
- 본인의 전체적 재산가치의 감소를 가져오는 것
- 토지의 잔금지급의무를 면하게 되었으므로
Unofficial English translation
• A partnership contract as provided in Article 703 of the Civil Act, the object of which is that two or more persons jointly contribute capital and operate a joint business
• The duty to handle affairs with the care of a good manager
• Where, viewed as a whole, it causes damage to the principal's property status
• That which brings about a decrease in the principal's overall property value
• Because he was released from the obligation to pay the balance of the price for the land
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2005. 4. 15. 선고 2004도7053 판결
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2004Do7053 decided April 15, 2005
Decisions referred to
[2] 대법원 2005. 4. 15. 선고 2004도7053 판결(공2005상, 791), 대법원 2007. 3. 15. 선고 2004도5742 판결(공2007상, 569), 대법원 2007. 6. 15. 선고 2005도4338 판결, 대법원 2009. 8. 20. 선고 2008도12112 판결, 대법원 2010. 1. 28. 선고 2009도6347 판결
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
When the decrease in the partnership's overall property value is calculated, how specifically should the down payment borne by the partner and the difference between the value of the land and the balance of the price be reflected?
If subsequent Supreme Court decisions emerge concerning the identification of the victim or the calculation of the amount of property damage in a breach of trust against partnership property, this reading will be checked again.
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Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below found the partnership agreement between the defendant and Non-indicted 1, the new sale contract excluding Non-indicted 1, and the fact of the transfer of ownership registration in the third party's name, and rejected the defendant's arguments concerning the nonexistence of the partnership agreement, name trust in the contract, and the land transaction permit. It then, as charged by the prosecution, treated Non-indicted 1 as the victim, took the land purchase price of 879 million won as both the amount of gain and the amount of damage, and convicted the defendant of a violation of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes (breach of trust). It also found the defendant guilty of perjury to the detriment of another and false accusation.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court accepted the findings of fact and the determinations as to the perjury to the detriment of another and the false accusation. However, because the defendant is a person who handles the affairs of the partnership, the victim is the partnership, and, taking into account that the partnership was released from the obligation to pay the balance, whether the partnership's overall property value decreased and the amount of any such decrease must be examined; on that basis, it pointed out a misapprehension of legal principles as to the identification of the victim and the amount of damage. Because a single sentence must be imposed under the concurrent crimes rule, the Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below in its entirety.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the agreement between the parties does not consist of mutual contribution and joint business management and therefore cannot be regarded as a partnership contract under the Civil Act
- Where there was no counter-performance obligation that the person was released from by reason of the act of breach of trust, or where the performance and the counter-performance are not equivalent, leaving separate actual damage or a risk of actual detriment to property arising
- Where the defendant undertook and handled not the Work of the partnership, but the affairs of a particular individual partner
Record verification notes
Before asserting the entire purchase price as the amount of damage, one should first confirm whether one has been released from counter-performance obligations such as the payment of the balance, and whether separate actual damage or a risk of detriment to property remains.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 피고인이 갑과 공동으로 토지를 매수하여 그 지상에 창고사업을 하는 내용의 동업약정을 하고 동업재산이 될 토지에 관한 매매계약을 체결하였는데, 이후 갑 몰래 제3자 명의로 소유권이전등기를 마치는 배임행위를 한 사안에서, 배임죄의 피해자를 동업체인 ‘조합’이 아닌 ‘갑’이라고 본 원심판단에 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 한 사례 [2] 배임죄나 업무상배임죄에서 재산상의 손실을 야기한 임무위배행위가 동시에 그 손실을 보상할 만한 재산상의 이익을 준 경우, ‘재산상 손해’의 유무(소극) [3] 피고인이 갑과 공동으로 토지를 매수하여 그 지상에 창고사업을 하는 내용의 동업약정을 하고 동업재산이 될 토지에 관한 매매계약을 체결한 다음 매도인에게 계약금을 지급하였는데, 이후 갑 몰래 제3자 명의로 소유권이전등기를 마치는 배임행위를 한 사안에서, 이로 인해 피고인이 얻은 이득액 및 피해자인 조합이 입은 손해액을 위 토지의 매수대금 상당액으로 본 원심판단에 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] In a case where the defendant and A entered into a partnership agreement to jointly purchase land and operate a warehouse business thereon, and executed a sales contract for the land that would become partnership property, and thereafter committed an act of breach of trust by completing registration of the transfer of ownership in the name of a third party without A's knowledge, a case in which the judgment of the court below, which regarded the victim of the offense of breach of trust as 'A' rather than the 'partnership', the partnership entity, was erroneous as a misapprehension of legal principles [2] In the offense of breach of trust or the crime of occupational breach of trust, where the breach of duty that caused a pecuniary loss concurrently conferred a pecuniary benefit sufficient to compensate for that loss, the existence or non-existence of 'pecuniary damage' (negative) [3] In a case where the defendant and A entered into a partnership agreement to jointly purchase land and operate a warehouse business thereon, and executed a sales contract for the land that would become partnership property, and then paid the deposit to the seller, and thereafter committed an act of breach of trust by completing registration of the transfer of ownership in the name of a third party without A's knowledge, a case in which the judgment of the court below, which regarded the amount of profit gained by the defendant and the amount of loss suffered by the victim partnership as a result thereof as an amount equivalent to the purchase price of the said land, was erroneous as a misapprehension of legal principles
Summary of the holding
[1] 피고인이 갑과 공동으로 토지를 매수하여 그 지상에 창고사업을 하는 내용의 동업약정을 하고 동업재산이 될 토지에 관한 매매계약을 체결하였는데, 이후 소유권이전등기 업무를 처리하면서 갑 몰래 매도인과 사이에 위 매매계약을 해제하고 갑을 배제하는 내용의 새로운 매매계약을 체결한 다음 제3자 명의로 소유권이전등기를 마친 사안에서, 피고인과 갑은 2인 이상이 상호출자 하여 공동사업을 경영할 것을 내용으로 하는 민법 제703조가 정한 조합계약을 체결한 것이고, 피고인은 부동산의 소유권이전등기 등 업무에 관하여 동업체인 조합에 대하여 선량한 관리자의 주의로 사무를 처리해야 할 의무가 있으므로(민법 제707조, 제681조), ‘조합의 사무를 처리하는 자’의 지위에 있다고 할 것인데도 그 임무에 위배하여 위와 같이 소유권이전등기를 마침으로써 위 ‘조합’에 대한 배임행위를 한 것으로 보아야 한다는 이유로, 피해자를 ‘갑’이라고 본 원심판단에 배임죄의 피해자 특정에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 한 사례. [2] 배임죄나 업무상배임죄에서 ‘재산상의 손해를 가한 때’란 현실적인 손해를 가한 경우뿐만 아니라 재산상 실해 발생의 위험을 초래한 경우도 포함되고, 재산상 손해의 유무에 대한 판단은 법률적 판단에 의하지 아니하고 경제적 관점에서 파악하여야 하지만, 여기서 재산상의 손해를 가한다는 것은 총체적으로 보아 본인의 재산상태에 손해를 가하는 경우, 즉 본인의 전체적 재산가치의 감소를 가져오는 것을 말하므로 재산상의 손실을 야기한 임무위배행위가 동시에 그 손실을 보상할 만한 재산상의 이익을 준 경우, 예컨대 배임행위로 인한 급부와 반대급부가 상응하고 다른 재산상 손해(현실적인 손해 또는 재산상 실해 발생의 위험)도 없는 때에는 전체적 재산가치의 감소, 즉 재산상 손해가 있다고 할 수 없다. [3] 피고인이 갑과 공동으로 토지를 매수하여 그 지상에 창고사업을 하는 내용의 동업약정을 하고 동업재산이 될 토지에 관한 매매계약을 체결한 다음 매도인에게 계약금을 지급하였는데, 이후 소유권이전등기 업무를 처리하면서 갑 몰래 매도인과 사이에 위 매매계약을 해제하고 갑을 배제하는 내용의 새로운 매매계약을 체결한 다음 제3자 명의로 소유권이전등기를 마친 사안에서, 피해자인 조합으로서는 장차 취득할 것이 기대되었던 토지의 가치에 상응하는 재산이 감소되었지만 다른 한편으로는 토지의 잔금지급의무를 면하게 되었으므로 토지의 매수대금 상당액이 위 배임행위로 인하여 조합이 입게 된 재산상 손해액에 해당한다고 할 수는 없는데도, 피고인이 얻은 이득액 및 피해자가 입은 손해액을 토지의 매수대금 상당액으로 인정하여 피고인을 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 위반(배임)죄로 의율한 원심판단에 배임죄의 재산상 손해액에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 한 사례.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 형법 제355조 제2항, 민법 제681조, 제703조, 제707조 [2] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조 [3] 형법 제355조 제2항, 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 제3조 제1항
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