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Open Decision Ledger · Civil procedure & enforcement

Whether the res judicata of a final and conclusive judgment ordering exhumation of graves obtained against a Jong organization extends to the determination of ownership and to the members of the Jong organization

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Dec. 23, 2010, 2010Da58889 (judgment)

Case name: 분묘굴이

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    If a judgment ordering exhumation of graves and delivery of land based on ownership has become a final and conclusive judgment against a Jong organization, may the plaintiff, on the basis of that judgment, assert acquisition of ownership also against the members of the Jong organization?

  2. Holding

    It may not be asserted. Res judicata arises only in respect of the claim for exhumation of graves and delivery of land, which was the subject matter of suit, and not in respect of the ownership determined in the reasons for the judgment; and the res judicata of a judgment in which a Jong organization, a non-incorporated association, was a party does not extend to the members of the Jong organization, who are mere co-litigants (joinder of parties).

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    그 법인 아닌 사단을 당사자로 한 판결의 기판력 또한 그 대표자나 구성원에게 미치지 아니하는 것이 당연하다.

    Unofficial English translation

    It is only natural that the res judicata of a judgment rendered with an association without juristic personality as a party likewise does not extend to its representative or its members.
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 대전지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the collegiate panel of the Daejeon District Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Existing test applied Read from the decision

    기판력의 범위에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 한 사례

    Unofficial English translation

    A case in which it was held that there was an error of misunderstanding the legal principle concerning the scope of res judicata
  5. Factors

    • 소송물로 주장된 법률관계의 존부에 관한 판단의 결론 그 자체에만 생기는 것
    • 판결이유 중의 부동산 권리귀속에 관한 판단 부분에까지 미치지는 아니한다
    • 그 법인 아닌 사단은 대표자나 구성원과는 별개의 주체
    • 종중원으로서 단순한 공동소송인의 관계에 있을 뿐인 병

    Unofficial English translation

    • It arises only from the conclusion of the determination as to the existence or nonexistence of the legal relationship asserted as the subject matter of suit

    • It does not extend to the portion of the reasoning of the judgment concerning the attribution of rights to the real estate

    • An association without juristic personality is a subject distinct from its representative or its members

    • C, who stands merely in the relationship of a simple co-litigant as a member of the Jongung

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 1990. 1. 12. 선고 88다카24622 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 88DaKa24622 decided January 12, 1990

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 1969. 12. 9. 선고 69다1780 판결(집17-4, 민164), 대법원 1978. 11. 1. 선고 78다1206 판결(공1979, 11527), 대법원 1989. 4. 25. 선고 88다카3618 판결(공1989, 806), 대법원 1990. 1. 12. 선고 88다카24622 판결(공1990, 451), 대법원 1996. 11. 15. 선고 96다31406 판결(공1997상, 14)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    If in fact there existed a practice of convening and resolving general meetings that differed from the articles of association of the Jong organization, is a resolution disposing of Jong property made in accordance with that practice valid?

    This reading will be re-examined if the provision of Article 218 of the Civil Procedure Act on the subjective scope of res judicata is changed, or if the result of the court below's determination, after remand, of the validity of the Jong resolution and the sales contract is confirmed.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

As a result of comparing an independent reading by another AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on the 8th axis (Open question and revisit condition).

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “If in fact there existed a practice of convening and resolving general meetings that differed from the articles of association of the Jong organization, is a resolution disposing of Jong property made in accordance with that practice valid?” vs Independent “When examined separately in relation to the members of the Jong organization, is A's acquisition of ownership of the real property valid under substantive law?”

The first reading asks about the validity of a resolution disposing of Jong property made in accordance with the articles of association and a different practice, whereas the independent reading asks about the validity under substantive law of A's acquisition of ownership itself.

그 법인 아닌 사단을 당사자로 한 판결의 기판력 또한 그 대표자나 구성원에게 미치지 아니하는 것이 당연하다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below found that the plaintiff had concluded a real estate sales contract with the Jong organization on the condition of exhuming the graves, and had completed the registration of transfer of ownership, and held that Defendant, a member of the Jong organization, was obligated to exhume the graves, remove the tombstone, and deliver the land. As for Defendant's argument that the resolution of the Jong general meeting was void and that the sales contract was therefore also void, the court below rejected it without further examination, on the ground that the judgment of the first instance against the Jong organization had become final and conclusive without appeal, and that the plaintiff had therefore lawfully acquired ownership.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the res judicata of the final and conclusive judgment against the Jong organization extends neither to the determination of ownership nor to Defendant, who is a member of the Jong organization. It further held that, on the record, there is room for regarding the Jong resolution as void for failure to give notice of the meeting and for failure to satisfy the resolution requirements under the articles of association, but since there was also testimony concerning a practice different from the articles, the court should have examined this and determined the validity of the resolution and of the sales contract, and accordingly the Supreme Court reversed and remanded.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Cases such as actions concerning status relations or corporate relations, in which the statute provides that the effect of a judgment extends also to third parties
  • Cases in which the member of the Jong organization is a successor after the close of oral argument, or a person possessing the object of the claim for the Jong organization
  • Cases in which a judgment that made confirmation of ownership itself the subject matter of suit has become final and conclusive

Record verification notes

Before asserting ownership on the basis of a final and conclusive judgment, one must confirm what the subject matter of suit of that judgment was, and whether the opposing party was a party to that judgment, a successor, or otherwise a person to whom res judicata extends.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 확정판결의 기판력이 미치는 범위 [2] 갑이 을 종중을 상대로 부동산의 소유권에 기하여 제기한 분묘굴이 및 토지인도 등 청구가 인용되고 그 판결이 그대로 확정되었다고 하더라도, 그 기판력은 소송물인 분묘굴이 및 토지인도 등 청구권에 한하여 생기고 판결이유 중에서 판단되었을 뿐인 소유권에 관하여 생기는 것은 아니고, 나아가 그 효력 또한 갑과 을 종중 사이에만 미칠 뿐 종중의 종중원으로서 단순한 공동소송인의 관계에 있을 뿐인 병에게는 미치지 아니하므로, 갑의 을 종중에 대한 제1심판결이 확정되었다는 이유만으로 갑이 부동산의 소유권을 적법하게 취득하였음을 병에게도 주장할 수 있다고 한 원심판단에는 기판력의 범위에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] The scope to which the res judicata of a final and conclusive judgment extends [2] A case in which, even if the claim for exhumation of graves and delivery of land, etc., filed by A against the Jongung B on the ground of ownership of the real estate, was upheld and that judgment became final and conclusive as it stood, its res judicata arises only with respect to the claim for exhumation of graves and delivery of land, etc., which constituted the subject matter of suit, and does not arise with respect to ownership which was merely determined in the reasoning of the judgment; moreover, its effect extends only as between A and the Jongung B and does not extend to C, who stands merely in the relationship of a simple co-litigant as a member of the Jongung, so that the determination of the court below, to the effect that A may assert against C that A lawfully acquired ownership of the real estate on the sole ground that A's judgment of the court of first instance against the Jongung B became final and conclusive, contains an error of misunderstanding the legal principle concerning the scope of res judicata

Summary of the holding

[1] 확정판결의 기판력은 그 판결의 주문에 포함된 것, 즉 소송물로 주장된 법률관계의 존부에 관한 판단의 결론 그 자체에만 생기는 것이고, 판결이유에 설시된 그 전제가 되는 법률관계의 존부에까지 미치는 것은 아니고, 건물철거 및 토지인도청구권을 소송물로 하는 소송은 소유권 자체의 확정이 아니라 건물철거청구권 및 토지인도청구권의 존부만을 목적으로 할 따름이므로 그 소송에서 부동산의 권리귀속에 관한 판단이 있었다고 하더라도 그 기판력은 판결주문에 표시된 건물철거청구권 및 토지인도청구권에 국한되고 판결이유 중의 부동산 권리귀속에 관한 판단 부분에까지 미치지는 아니한다. 또한 기판력이 미치는 주관적 범위는 신분관계소송이나 회사관계소송 등에서 제3자에게도 그 효력이 미치는 것으로 규정되어 있는 경우를 제외하고는 원칙적으로 당사자, 변론을 종결한 뒤의 승계인 또는 그를 위하여 청구의 목적물을 소지한 사람과 다른 사람을 위하여 원고나 피고가 된 사람이 확정판결을 받은 경우의 그 다른 사람에 국한되고, 그 외의 제3자나 변론을 종결하기 전의 승계인에게는 미치지 않는 것이며(민사소송법 제218조 제1항, 제3항), 한편 민사소송법 제52조에 의하여 대표자가 있는 법인 아닌 사단이 소송의 당사자가 되는 경우에도 그 법인 아닌 사단은 대표자나 구성원과는 별개의 주체이므로, 그 대표자나 구성원을 당사자로 한 판결의 기판력이 법인 아닌 사단에 미치지 아니함은 물론 그 법인 아닌 사단을 당사자로 한 판결의 기판력 또한 그 대표자나 구성원에게 미치지 아니하는 것이 당연하다. [2] 갑이 을 종중을 상대로 부동산의 소유권에 기하여 제기한 분묘굴이 및 토지인도 등 청구가 인용되고 그 판결이 그대로 확정되었다고 하더라도, 그 기판력은 소송물인 분묘굴이 및 토지인도 등 청구권에 한하여 생기고 판결이유 중에서 판단되었을 뿐인 소유권에 관하여 생기는 것은 아니고, 나아가 그 효력 또한 갑과 을 종중 사이에만 미칠 뿐 을 종중의 종중원으로서 단순한 공동소송인의 관계에 있을 뿐인 병에게는 미치지 아니하므로, 갑의 을 종중에 대한 제1심판결이 확정되었다는 이유만으로 갑이 부동산의 소유권을 적법하게 취득하였음을 병에게도 주장할 수 있다고 한 원심판단에는 기판력의 범위에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 한 사례.

Order

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 대전지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the collegiate panel of the Daejeon District Court.

Provisions referred to

[1] 민사소송법 제52조, 제216조, 제218조 제1항, 제3항, 민법 제31조 [2] 민사소송법 제52조, 제216조, 제218조 제1항, 제3항, 민법 제31조

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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