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Open Decision Ledger · Rehabilitation & bankruptcy

Whether Damages for Delay Arising from the Bankruptcy Trustee's Delay in Performance in Respect of Wages and Retirement Pay Arising Prior to the Declaration of Bankruptcy Constitute an Estate Claim

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Nov. 20, 2014, 2013Da64908 (en banc judgment)

Case name: 임금

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Does a claim for damages for delay arising from the bankruptcy trustee's failure, after the declaration of bankruptcy, to pay the employee's wages, retirement pay, and disaster compensation that arose before the declaration of bankruptcy constitute an estate claim under Article 473, subparagraph 4 of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act?

  2. Holding

    Because acts performed by the bankruptcy trustee include the non-performance of obligations assumed in connection with the trustee's duties, a right to claim damages arising from delay in the performance of the duty to pay estate claims such as wages as they fall due is an estate claim under Article 473, subparagraph 4. The Supreme Court approved the court below, which took this view.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    파산관재인이 파산선고 후에 위와 같은 의무의 이행을 지체하여 생긴 근로자의 손해배상청구권은 채무자회생법 제473조 제4호 소정의 ‘파산재단에 관하여 파산관재인이 한 행위로 인하여 생긴 청구권’에 해당하여 재단채권이다.

    Unofficial English translation

    A claim for damages of an employee that arises where a bankruptcy trustee delays the performance of such an obligation after the declaration of bankruptcy falls under 'a claim arising from an act of a bankruptcy trustee in respect of the bankruptcy estate' as prescribed in Article 473, subparagraph 4 of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act, and thus constitutes an estate claim.
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The appeal is dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    나아가 파산관재인이 직무와 관련하여 부담하는 채무의 불이행도 포함된다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Furthermore, non-performance of an obligation borne by a bankruptcy trustee in connection with the trustee's duties is included.
  5. Factors

    • 파산관재인이 직무를 행하는 과정에서 한 법률행위
    • 직무와 관련하여 행한 불법행위
    • 파산관재인이 직무와 관련하여 부담하는 채무의 불이행
    • 파산관재인이 파산선고 후에 위와 같은 의무의 이행을 지체하여 생긴 근로자의 손해배상청구권

    Unofficial English translation

    • a juristic act performed by a bankruptcy trustee in the course of carrying out the trustee's duties

    • a tort committed in connection with the trustee's duties

    • non-performance of an obligation borne by a bankruptcy trustee in connection with the trustee's duties

    • a claim for damages of an employee that arises where a bankruptcy trustee delays the performance of such an obligation after the declaration of bankruptcy

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2011. 6. 24. 선고 2009다38551 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2009Da38551 decided June 24, 2011

    Decisions referred to

    대법원 2004. 11. 12. 선고 2002다53865 판결(공2005상, 1), 대법원 2008. 3. 14. 선고 2006다2940 판결(공2008상, 580), 대법원 2011. 6. 24. 선고 2009다38551 판결

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    Whether liability for delay in performance arises immediately even during the period immediately after the declaration of bankruptcy, when the bankruptcy trustee has not yet ascertained the particulars of the estate claims, and how the starting point of such delay must be determined?

    This reading will be re-examined if Article 473, subparagraph 4 or subparagraph 10, or Article 446, paragraph (1), subparagraph 2 of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act is amended, or if the Supreme Court reconsiders whether damages for delay on wages and the like constitute estate claims.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

Compared with an independent reading by another AI line (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 6 of the 8 axes matched, and the readings diverged on the sixth axis (Relation to precedent) and the eighth axis (Open question and revisit condition).

Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “Follows earlier decisions” vs Independent “Cannot be determined”

If the general explanation of legal principles in the original text is read as the application of existing legal principles, it may be classified as Follows earlier decisions, but since no precedent is cited and no relation to prior decisions is stated, it can also be read as Cannot be determined.

대법원 2011. 6. 24. 선고 2009다38551 판결

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Whether liability for delay in performance arises immediately even during the period immediately after the declaration of bankruptcy, when the bankruptcy trustee has not yet ascertained the particulars of the estate claims, and how the starting point of such delay must be determined?” vs Independent “Whether claims for damages for delay on wages and the like that arose before the declaration of bankruptcy also constitute estate claims?”

The first reading asks about the point in time at which delay in performance after the declaration of bankruptcy arises and its starting point, while the independent reading asks whether damages for delay that arose before the declaration of bankruptcy constitute an estate claim.

파산관재인이 파산선고 후에 위와 같은 의무의 이행을 지체하여 생긴 근로자의 손해배상청구권은 채무자회생법 제473조 제4호 소정의 ‘파산재단에 관하여 파산관재인이 한 행위로 인하여 생긴 청구권’에 해당하여 재단채권이다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below (Gwangju High Court, 2012Na6621) held that the claims of the plaintiffs and others for wages and retirement pay arising before the declaration of bankruptcy of the company in question were estate claims, and that the claim for damages for delay arising from the defendant's delay in performing its duty to pay them from October 26, 2012, after the declaration of bankruptcy, was also an estate claim. It further held that the statutory interest rate provisions of the Act on Special Cases concerning Expedition of Legal Proceedings do not infringe the right of access to court or property rights.

Supreme Court standard: The majority opinion, in view of the legal principle that acts performed by the bankruptcy trustee include the non-performance of obligations arising from the trustee's duties, considered the determination of the court below proper and dismissed the final appeal. A separate opinion concurred in the conclusion on a different ground, namely that the damages for delay fall under the wages and the like of subparagraph 10 of Article 473, while a dissenting opinion stated that they must be regarded as subordinated bankruptcy claims under Article 446, paragraph (1), subparagraph 2 and that the judgment should be reversed.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where the damages for delay had already accrued before the declaration of bankruptcy and are unrelated to the bankruptcy trustee's delay in performance
  • Where the principal claim is not an estate claim but an ordinary bankruptcy claim, so that the bankruptcy trustee has no duty to pay it as it falls due
  • Where the treatment of damages for delay on wages and the like is at issue in rehabilitation proceedings rather than bankruptcy proceedings

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, it must be checked whether the principal claim is an estate claim under Article 473, subparagraph 10, whether the damages for delay in question are the portion arising after the declaration of bankruptcy from the bankruptcy trustee's delay in its duty to pay as they fall due, and whether the relationship with the subordinated bankruptcy claim provisions pointed out by the dissenting opinion leaves no room for the matter to be contested differently in the case.

From the official text

Points at issue

파산선고 전에 생긴 근로자의 임금·퇴직금 및 재해보상금에 대하여 파산관재인이 파산선고 후 변제할 의무의 이행을 지체함으로써 생긴 지연손해금 채권이 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제473조 제4호 소정의 재단채권에 해당하는지 여부(적극)

Unofficial English translation

Whether a claim for delayed damages arising from a bankruptcy trustee's delay in performing the obligation to make payment, after the declaration of bankruptcy, of the employee's wages, retirement pay, and workers' compensation benefits that arose before the declaration of bankruptcy falls under the estate claim prescribed in Article 473, subparagraph 4 of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act (affirmative)

Summary of the holding

[다수의견] 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률(이하 ‘채무자회생법’이라 한다)이 ‘파산재단에 관하여 파산관재인이 한 행위로 인하여 생긴 청구권’을 재단채권으로 규정하고 있는 취지는 파산관재인이 파산재단의 관리처분권에 기초하여 직무를 행하면서 생긴 상대방의 청구권을 수시로 변제하도록 하여 이해관계인을 보호함으로써 공정하고 원활하게 파산절차를 진행하기 위한 것이므로, ‘파산재단에 관하여 파산관재인이 한 행위’에는 파산관재인이 직무를 행하는 과정에서 한 법률행위뿐만 아니라 직무와 관련하여 행한 불법행위가 포함되고, 나아가 파산관재인이 직무와 관련하여 부담하는 채무의 불이행도 포함된다. 그렇다면 파산관재인은 직무상 재단채권인 근로자의 임금·퇴직금 및 재해보상금(이하 ‘임금 등’이라 한다)을 수시로 변제할 의무가 있다고 할 것이므로, 파산관재인이 파산선고 후에 위와 같은 의무의 이행을 지체하여 생긴 근로자의 손해배상청구권은 채무자회생법 제473조 제4호 소정의 ‘파산재단에 관하여 파산관재인이 한 행위로 인하여 생긴 청구권’에 해당하여 재단채권이다. [대법관 권순일의 별개의견] 파산절차에서 근로자의 임금 등의 법적 성질에 관한 근로기준법 제38조, 근로자퇴직급여 보장법 제12조, 구 파산법(2000. 1. 12. 법률 제6111호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제32조, 구 파산법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제38조 제10호의 입법경위와 취지 및 재단채권에 관하여는 파산관재인이 파산절차에 의하지 아니하고 수시로 변제할 의무가 있는 점(채무자회생법 제475조), 지연손해금은 주된 채권인 원본의 존재를 전제로 그에 대응하여 일정한 비율로 발생하는 종된 권리라는 점 등을 종합하여 살펴보면, 근로자의 임금 등에 대한 지연손해금 채권은 파산선고 전후에 발생한 것인지를 불문하고 채무자회생법 제473조 제10호 소정의 ‘채무자의 근로자의 임금·퇴직금 및 재해보상금’에 해당하여 재단채권으로서의 성질을 가진다. [대법관 신영철, 대법관 민일영, 대법관 김창석, 대법관 조희대의 반대의견] 채무자회생법 제446조 제1항 제2호는 ‘파산선고 후의 불이행으로 인한 손해배상액 및 위약금’을 후순위파산채권으로 규정하고 있는데, 여기서 규정한 손해배상금과 위약금은 파산선고 전부터 채무자에게 재산상 청구권의 불이행이 있기 때문에 상대방에 대하여 손해배상을 지급하거나 위약금을 정기적으로 지급하여야 할 관계에 있을 때 그 계속으로 파산선고 후에 발생하고 있는 손해배상 및 위약금 청구권을 의미한다. 따라서 채무자회생법에 특별히 달리 취급하는 규정이 없는 한, 채무자에 대하여 파산선고 전의 원인으로 생긴 근로자의 임금 등에 대하여 채무불이행 상태의 계속으로 파산선고 후에 발생하고 있는 지연손해금 채권은 후순위파산채권이라고 보아야 한다.

Order

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고가 부담한다.

Unofficial English translation

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the defendant.

Provisions referred to

채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제1조, 제382조 제1항, 제384조, 제423조, 제424조, 제446조 제1항 제2호, 제473조 제4호, 제10호, 제475조, 제476조, 제505조, 근로기준법 제38조, 근로자퇴직급여 보장법 제12조, 구 파산법(2000. 1. 12. 법률 제6111호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제32조(현행 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제441조 참조), 구 파산법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제38조 제10호(현행 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제473조 제10호 참조)

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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