Open Decision Ledger · Economic crime
Whether Article 3 of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes applies where the amount of gain in a suretyship breach-of-trust case cannot be calculated
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Sept. 10, 2015, 2014Do12619 (judgment)
Case name: 특정범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(조세)·특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(횡령)[일부인정된죄명:특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(배임)]·특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(배임)
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Where a person has obtained a pecuniary benefit through occupational breach of trust but the value thereof cannot be specifically calculated, may Article 3 of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes still be applied?
Holding
The amount of gain is a constituent element of Article 3 of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes and must therefore be calculated strictly and carefully in accordance with the principle of proportionality between crime and punishment and the principle of culpability; if the value cannot be specifically calculated, that Article cannot be applied. In a joint suretyship case in which the principal debtor possessed substantial capacity to pay, the court below misapprehended legal principles by treating the entire principal and interest of the loan as the amount of gain.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
업무상배임으로 취득한 재산상 이익이 있더라도 가액을 구체적으로 산정할 수 없는 경우에는, 재산상 이익의 가액을 기준으로 가중 처벌하는 특정경제범죄법 제3조를 적용할 수 없다.
Unofficial English translation
Even where there is a pecuniary benefit acquired by a breach of trust in the course of business, if the amount thereof cannot be specifically calculated, Article 3 of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes, which imposes aggravated punishment on the basis of the amount of a pecuniary benefit, cannot be applied.
Disposition
Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
This part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Form of the test
Existing test applied Stated in the decision
원심판결에 이득액 산정에 관한 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
a case where it was held that the judgment of the court below was in misapprehension of legal principles with respect to the calculation of the amount of gain
Factors
- 취득한 이득액을 엄격하고 신중하게 산정함으로써
- 가액을 구체적으로 산정할 수 없는 경우
- 대출 당시 부동산 가격과 임대료의 상승이 예측되고 있었던 점
- 이미 채무변제능력을 상실한 상태 또는 사실상 변제능력을 상실한 것과 같다고 평가될 정도의 상태
- 상당한 정도의 대출금채무를 자력으로 임의 변제할 능력을 갖추고 있었던 것으로 볼 수 있어
Unofficial English translation
• by strictly and carefully calculating the amount of gain acquired
• where the amount cannot be specifically calculated
• the fact that rises in real estate prices and rents were anticipated at the time of the loan
• a state in which the ability to repay the debt has already been lost, or a state that may be evaluated as equivalent to a de facto loss of the ability to repay
• can be regarded as having been equipped with the ability to voluntarily repay a considerable amount of loan obligation by his own resources
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2012. 8. 30. 선고 2012도5220 판결
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2012Do5220 decided August 30, 2012
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2007. 4. 19. 선고 2005도7288 전원합의체 판결(공2007상, 923), 대법원 2012. 8. 30. 선고 2012도5220 판결, 대법원 2013. 5. 9. 선고 2013도2857 판결
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
In a joint suretyship breach of trust where the principal debtor's capacity to pay is recognized only in part, what is the standard by which the amount of gain, even in part, may be specifically calculated?
This reading is to be re-examined if precedent changes on the standard for the amount of gain under Article 3 of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes or on the calculation of loss in joint suretyship breach of trust.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
8 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
An independent reading by another lineage of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the initial reading, was compared, and all 8 axes matched.
Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below, on the grounds, inter alia, that upon default by the principal debtor the creditor bank could immediately demand performance of the joint suretyship obligation and that the subrogation enforcement of the maximum amount mortgage was merely a circumstance arising after the occurrence of loss, treated the amount corresponding to the principal and interest of the loan, which was the secured debt of the joint suretyship (loan principal of 2.15 billion yen and 1.8 billion yen, together with interest in amounts not stated), as the amount of loss, held that Defendant 1's amount of gain was 5 billion won or more in each instance, and applied Article 3, paragraph (1), subparagraph 1 of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes. The court below's holding on the tax evasion and embezzlement counts was left intact on final appeal.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court, considering that the building was situated in a prime commercial location in central Tokyo and that, at the time of the loan, a rise in price and in rent was anticipated, held that it is difficult to conclude categorically that the company, the principal debtor, had lost its capacity to pay and that, on the contrary, it had substantial capacity to pay, so that this was a case in which the amount of gain could not be calculated, and reversed the portion of the judgment of the court below concerning breach of trust, which had taken the entire principal and interest of the loan as the amount of gain, for misapprehension of legal principles. The final appeals of Defendant 3 and the prosecution were dismissed.
Distinguishing conditions
- Cases in which, at the time of the joint suretyship, the principal debtor had already lost the capacity to repay the debt, or was in a state that may be assessed as equivalent to such loss
- Cases in which the value of the pecuniary benefit may be specifically calculated from documents of disposition, transaction records, or the like
- Cases in which only the crime of occupational breach of trust under the Criminal Act, under which the amount of gain does not affect the establishment of the crime, is at issue, and not the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, it must first be confirmed whether the principal debtor actually possessed substantial capacity to pay in light of the value of the collateral, the principal debtor's own resources, and the market outlook at the time of the loan, and whether the Records contain materials from which the amount of gain may be specifically calculated, even in part.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 재산상 이익의 가액(이득액)을 기준으로 가중 처벌하는 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 제3조의 적용을 전제로 취득한 이득액을 산정할 때 유의하여야 할 사항 / 업무상배임으로 취득한 재산상 이익이 있더라도 가액을 구체적으로 산정할 수 없는 경우, 같은 법 제3조를 적용할 수 있는지 여부(소극) [2] 피고인이 실질적으로 소유·지배하는 갑 주식회사 명의로 빌딩을 매입하면서 .은행에서 매입자금을 대출받고 을 주식회사로 하여금 대출금채무에 연대보증하게 함으로써 을 회사에 손해를 가하였다고 하여 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 위반(배임)으로 기소된 사안에서, 배임행위로 취득한 재산상 이익의 가액(이득액)을 산정할 수 없는 경우임에도, 구 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 제3조 제1항 제1호를 적용한 원심판결에 이득액 산정에 관한 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] Matters to be noted when calculating the amount of gain acquired, premised on the application of Article 3 of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes, which imposes aggravated punishment on the basis of the amount (gain) of a pecuniary benefit / Whether Article 3 of the same Act may be applied where, even though there is a pecuniary benefit acquired by a breach of trust in the course of business, the amount thereof cannot be specifically calculated (negative) [2] In a case where the defendant was prosecuted for violation of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes (breach of trust) on the ground that, while purchasing a building in the name of A Co., Ltd., which the defendant substantially owns and controls, he received a loan of the purchase funds from . Bank and had B Co., Ltd. provide a joint suretyship for the loan obligation, thereby causing loss to Company B, it was held that, although this was a case where the amount (gain) of the pecuniary benefit acquired by the act of breach of trust could not be calculated, the judgment of the court below, which applied Article 3 (1) subparagraph 1 of the former Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes, was in misapprehension of legal principles concerning the calculation of the amount of gain
Summary of the holding
[1] 형법 제355조 제2항의 배임죄는 타인의 사무를 처리하는 자가 임무에 위배하는 행위로써 재산상의 이익을 취득하거나 제3자로 하여금 이를 취득하게 하여 본인에게 손해를 가함으로써 성립하고, 형법 제356조의 업무상배임죄는 업무상의 임무에 위배하여 제355조 제2항의 죄를 범한 때에 성립하는데, 취득한 재산상 이익의 가액이 얼마인지는 범죄 성립에 영향을 미치지 아니한다. 반면 배임 또는 업무상배임으로 인한 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률(이하 ‘특정경제범죄법’이라 한다) 제3조 위반죄는 취득한 재산상 이익의 가액(이하 ‘이득액’이라 한다)이 5억 원 이상 또는 50억 원 이상이라는 것이 범죄구성요건의 일부로 되어 있고 이득액에 따라 형벌도 매우 가중되어 있으므로, 특정경제범죄법 제3조를 적용할 때에는 취득한 이득액을 엄격하고 신중하게 산정함으로써, 범죄와 형벌 사이에 적정한 균형이 이루어져야 한다는 죄형균형 원칙이나, 형벌은 책임에 기초하고 책임에 비례하여야 한다는 책임주의 원칙이 훼손되지 않도록 유의하여야 한다. 따라서 업무상배임으로 취득한 재산상 이익이 있더라도 가액을 구체적으로 산정할 수 없는 경우에는, 재산상 이익의 가액을 기준으로 가중 처벌하는 특정경제범죄법 제3조를 적용할 수 없다. [2] 피고인이 실질적으로 소유·지배하는 갑 주식회사 명의로 빌딩을 매입하면서 은행에서 매입자금을 대출받고 을 주식회사로 하여금 대출금채무에 연대보증하게 함으로써 을 회사에 손해를 가하였다고 하여 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 위반(배임)으로 기소된 사안에서, 빌딩은 일본 동경 중심가의 상업적 요지에 있는 건물로 대출 당시 부동산 가격과 임대료의 상승이 예측되고 있었던 점 등 제반 사정을 종합하면, 연대보증 당시 주채무자인 갑 회사가 이미 채무변제능력을 상실한 상태 또는 사실상 변제능력을 상실한 것과 같다고 평가될 정도의 상태에 있었다고 단정하기 어렵고, 오히려 갑 회사가 상당한 정도의 대출금채무를 자력으로 임의 변제할 능력을 갖추고 있었던 것으로 볼 수 있어 배임행위로 취득한 재산상 이익의 가액(이득액)을 산정할 수 없는 경우임에도, 이와 다른 전제에서 연대보증의 피담보채무인 대출 원리금 상당액을 이득액으로 하여 구 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률(2012. 2. 10. 법률 제11304호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제3조 제1항 제1호를 적용한 원심판결에 이득액 산정에 관한 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.
Order
원심판결 중 피고인 1, 피고인 2에 대한 유죄 부분(각 이유무죄 부분 포함)과 피고인 4에 대한 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다. 피고인 3의 상고와 검사의 상고를 모두 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
In the judgment of the court below, the parts finding Defendant 1 and Defendant 2 guilty (including the respective parts in which they were found not guilty in the reasoning) and the part as to Defendant 4 are reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court. Defendant 3's final appeal and the prosecutor's appeal are both dismissed.
Provisions referred to
[1] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조, 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 제3조 [2] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조, 구 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률(2012. 2. 10. 법률 제11304호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제3조 제1항 제1호
Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.
Back to the ledger