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Open Decision Ledger · Labour & industrial accidents

The Starting Point for Calculating the Last Three Months' Wages and the Retirement Pay for Which a Wage Claimant Who Has Obtained a Maximum Amount Mortgage Receives Preferential Payment

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Aug. 19, 2015, 2015Da204762 (judgment)

Case name: 배당이의

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    When is the reference point fixed for the last three months' wages and the retirement pay for the last three years for which an employee who has obtained a maximum amount mortgage as security for wage and retirement pay claims receives preferential payment in a distribution?

  2. Holding

    If, until the distribution list becomes final, it is shown that the secured claim is a wage claim entitled to priority, preferential payment may be received ahead of the prior-ranking maximum amount mortgagee; however, for an employee whose employment relationship has not ended as of the closing date for distribution demands, the last three months' wages are calculated retroactively from that closing date, and the retirement pay for the last three years must also have accrued before that closing date. The Supreme Court upheld the court below, which held that preferential payment to employees who retired after the closing date was unlawful.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    배당요구의 종기 당시에도 근로관계가 종료되지 않은 근로자의 경우에는 배당요구의 종기부터 소급하여 3개월 사이에 지급사유가 발생한 임금 중 미지급분을 말하는 것이고, 최종 3년간의 퇴직금도 배당요구 종기일 이전에 퇴직금 지급사유가 발생하여야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    In the case of an employee whose employment relationship has not been terminated even as of the deadline for distribution claims, it refers to the unpaid portion of wages for which the cause for payment arose during the three months retroactively counted from the deadline for distribution claims, and for retirement pay for the most recent three years as well, the cause for payment of retirement pay must arise before the date of the deadline for distribution claims.
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 모두 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    All appeals are dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    강제집행절차나 임의경매절차에서 배당요구의 종기까지 적법하게 배당요구를 하여야만 우선배당을 받을 수 있는 것이 원칙이다.

    Unofficial English translation

    It is the principle that, in a compulsory execution procedure or a voluntary auction procedure, one may receive preferential payment only if one lawfully makes a request for distribution by the deadline for distribution claims.
  5. Factors

    • 근로관계 종료일부터 소급하여 3개월 사이에 지급사유가 발생한 임금 중 미지급분
    • 배당요구 시점부터 소급하여 3개월 사이에 지급사유가 발생한 임금 중 미지급분
    • 배당요구 종기일 이전에 퇴직금 지급사유가 발생하여야 한다
    • 배당표가 확정되기 전까지 피담보채권이 우선변제권이 있는 임금채권임을 소명하면

    Unofficial English translation

    • the unpaid portion of wages for which the cause for payment arose during the three months retroactively counted from the date of termination of the employment relationship

    • the unpaid portion of wages for which the cause for payment arose during the three months retroactively counted from the time of the request for distribution

    • the cause for payment of retirement pay must arise before the date of the deadline for distribution claims

    • if, until the distribution table is finalized, it is prima facie shown that the secured claim is a wage claim with a right to preferential payment

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 1999. 4. 9. 선고 98다47412 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 98Da47412 decided April 9, 1999

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 1999. 4. 9. 선고 98다47412 판결, 대법원 2008. 6. 26. 선고 2006다1930 판결(공2008하, 1044)

  7. Burden of proof

    The party asserting Stated in the decision

    배당표가 확정되기 전까지 피담보채권이 우선변제권이 있는 임금채권임을 소명하면

    Unofficial English translation

    if, until the distribution table is finalized, it is prima facie shown that the secured claim is a wage claim with a right to preferential payment
  8. Open question and revisit condition

    In what rank may the retirement pay of an employee who retired after the closing date for distribution demands but before the distribution date, or wages arising after that closing date, be protected in other proceedings?

    If the scope of preferential payment under Article 38 of the Labor Standards Act or the Act on the Guarantee of Employees' Retirement Benefits, or the provisions of the Civil Execution Act concerning the closing date for distribution demands, is amended, this reading will be re-examined.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

When compared with an independent reading by another AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the primary reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on the eighth axis (Open question and revisit condition).

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “In what rank may the retirement pay of an employee who retired after the closing date for distribution demands but before the distribution date, or wages arising after that closing date, be protected in other proceedings?” vs Independent “What specific materials, and to what degree of showing, are required to establish that the secured claim of a maximum amount mortgage is a wage claim entitled to preferential payment?”

The primary reading asks about the rank of protection in other proceedings for wages and retirement pay arising after the closing date, whereas the independent reading asks about the materials and the degree of showing required for establishing a wage claim entitled to preferential payment.

배당요구의 종기 당시에도 근로관계가 종료되지 않은 근로자의 경우에는 배당요구의 종기부터 소급하여 3개월 사이에 지급사유가 발생한 임금 중 미지급분을 말하는 것이고, 최종 3년간의 퇴직금도 배당요구 종기일 이전에 퇴직금 지급사유가 발생하여야 한다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below (Uijeongbu District Court Decision 2014Na53487) found that the defendants had been granted a maximum amount mortgage prior to the registration of the auction commencement decision and that, before the distribution list became final, they had shown that the secured claim was a wage and retirement pay claim, but held that Deokyang Co., Ltd. had paid all wages prior to the closing date for distribution demands, December 19, 2011, so that the wage claim for the three months calculated retroactively from that closing date had been extinguished. The court below held that the unpaid wages for the three months calculated on the basis of a retirement date after the closing date were not a wage claim entitled to the right to preferential payment, and that since the employment relationship remained in effect as of the closing date, no retirement pay claim had arisen either; it accordingly held that the distribution taking priority over the plaintiff, the prior-ranking maximum amount mortgagee, was unlawful.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court clarified the legal principle that, for a wage claimant who has obtained a maximum amount mortgage as well, the scope of the last three months' wages and of the retirement pay for the last three years is determined on the basis of the closing date for distribution demands, just as for a wage claimant who made a demand for distribution without a maximum amount mortgage. Holding that the determination of the court below was founded on this legal principle and that there was no misunderstanding of the legal principle concerning the starting point for calculating the scope of wage claims entitled to preferential payment, the Supreme Court dismissed all of the defendants' final appeals.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Employees whose employment relationship had already ended before the closing date for distribution demands, for whom the calculation must be made retroactively from the date on which the employment relationship ended
  • Cases in which a wage claimant without a maximum amount mortgage did not make a demand for distribution by the closing date for distribution demands
  • Cases in which it has not been shown, until the distribution list becomes final, that the secured claim is a wage claim entitled to priority

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, one must verify from the Records whether the closing date for distribution demands, the retirement date of each employee, and the wages for the three months calculated retroactively from that closing date were in fact in an unpaid state.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 근로기준법 및 구 근로자퇴직급여 보장법에 따라 우선변제청구권을 갖는 임금채권자가 강제집행절차 등에서 배당요구의 종기까지 적법하게 배당요구를 하여야 우선배당을 받을 수 있는지 여부(적극) / 이 경우 ‘최종 3개월분의 임금’과 ‘최종 3년간의 퇴직금’의 의미 및 ‘최종 3년간의 퇴직금’의 경우 배당요구 종기일 이전에 퇴직금 지급사유가 발생하여야 하는지 여부(적극) [2] 우선변제권이 있는 임금채권자가 현재 및 장래의 임금이나 퇴직금 채권을 피담보채권으로 하여 사용자의 재산에 관한 근저당권을 취득한 경우, 배당표가 확정되기 전까지 피담보채권이 우선변제권이 있는 임금채권임을 소명하면 최종 3개월분의 임금이나 최종 3년간의 퇴직금 등에 관한 채권에 대하여 선순위 근저당권자 등보다 우선배당을 받을 수 있는지 여부(적극) / 이 경우 ‘최종 3개월분의 임금’과 ‘최종 3년간의 퇴직금’의 의미 및 ‘최종 3년간의 퇴직금’의 경우 배당요구 종기일 이전에 퇴직금 지급사유가 발생하여야 하는지 여부(적극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] Whether a wage claim creditor who has a right to claim preferential payment under the Labor Standards Act and the former Act on the Guarantee of Employees' Retirement Benefits may receive preferential payment only if he or she lawfully makes a request for distribution by the deadline for distribution claims in a compulsory execution procedure, etc. (affirmative) / In such case, the meanings of 'wages for the most recent three months' and 'retirement pay for the most recent three years' and whether, in the case of 'retirement pay for the most recent three years,' the cause for payment of retirement pay must arise before the date of the deadline for distribution claims (affirmative) [2] Where a wage claim creditor who has a right to preferential payment acquires a maximum amount mortgage on the employer's property with current and future wage claims or retirement pay claims as the secured claim, whether, until the distribution table is finalized, if it is prima facie shown that the secured claim is a wage claim with a right to preferential payment, he or she may receive preferential payment over a prior-ranking maximum amount mortgagee, etc. in respect of claims concerning wages for the most recent three months or retirement pay for the most recent three years (affirmative) / In such case, the meanings of 'wages for the most recent three months' and 'retirement pay for the most recent three years' and whether, in the case of 'retirement pay for the most recent three years,' the cause for payment of retirement pay must arise before the date of the deadline for distribution claims (affirmative)

Summary of the holding

[1] 근로기준법 제38조 제2항에 따른 최종 3개월분의 임금, 재해보상금과 구 근로자퇴직급여 보장법(2011. 7. 25. 법률 제10967호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제11조 제2항에 따른 최종 3년간의 퇴직금에 해당하는 채권은 사용자의 총재산에 대하여 질권·저당권 또는 동산·채권 등의 담보에 관한 법률에 따른 담보권에 따라 담보된 채권, 조세·공과금 및 다른 채권에 우선하여 변제되어야 한다. 이는 근로자의 최저생활을 보장하고자 하는 공익적 요청에서 일반 담보물권의 효력을 일부 제한하고 임금채권의 우선변제권을 규정한 것으로서 규정의 취지는 최종 3개월분의 임금 등에 관한 채권은 다른 채권과 동시에 사용자의 동일재산에서 경합하여 변제받는 경우에 성립의 선후나 질권이나 저당권의 설정 여부에 관계없이 우선적으로 변제받을 수 있는 권리가 있을 뿐이므로, 근로기준법 등에 따라 우선변제청구권을 갖는 임금채권자라고 하더라도 강제집행절차나 임의경매절차에서 배당요구의 종기까지 적법하게 배당요구를 하여야만 우선배당을 받을 수 있는 것이 원칙이다. 여기서 최종 3개월분의 임금은 배당요구 이전에 이미 근로관계가 종료된 근로자의 경우에는 근로관계 종료일부터 소급하여 3개월 사이에 지급사유가 발생한 임금 중 미지급분, 배당요구 당시에도 근로관계가 종료되지 않은 근로자의 경우에는 배당요구 시점부터 소급하여 3개월 사이에 지급사유가 발생한 임금 중 미지급분을 말한다. 그리고 최종 3년간의 퇴직금도 이와 같이 보아야 하므로, 배당요구 종기일 이전에 퇴직금 지급사유가 발생하여야 한다. [2] 경매개시결정등기 전에 등기되고 매각으로 소멸하는 근저당권자는 배당요구를 하지 않더라도 당연히 배당을 받을 수 있는 채권자로서 배당요구 없이도 등기부상 기재된 채권최고액의 범위 내에서 순위에 따른 배당을 받을 수 있는데, 우선변제권이 있는 임금채권자가 현재 및 장래의 임금이나 퇴직금 채권을 피담보채권으로 하여 사용자의 재산에 관한 근저당권을 취득한 경우 배당요구의 종기까지 우선권 있는 임금채권임을 소명하지 않았다고 하더라도 배당표가 확정되기 전까지 피담보채권이 우선변제권이 있는 임금채권임을 소명하면 최종 3개월분의 임금이나 최종 3년간의 퇴직금 등에 관한 채권에 대하여는 선순위 근저당권자 등보다 우선배당을 받을 수 있다. 다만 근저당권 설정 없이 우선변제권이 있는 임금채권자로서 배당요구의 종기까지 배당요구를 한 경우와 마찬가지로, 근저당권의 피담보채권이 우선권 있는 임금채권임을 소명함으로써 선순위 근저당권자 등보다 우선배당을 받을 수 있는 최종 3개월분의 임금은 배당요구의 종기에 이미 근로관계가 종료된 근로자의 경우에는 근로관계 종료일부터, 배당요구의 종기 당시에도 근로관계가 종료되지 않은 근로자의 경우에는 배당요구의 종기부터 소급하여 3개월 사이에 지급사유가 발생한 임금 중 미지급분을 말하는 것이고, 최종 3년간의 퇴직금도 배당요구 종기일 이전에 퇴직금 지급사유가 발생하여야 한다.

Order

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고들이 부담한다.

Unofficial English translation

All appeals are dismissed. The costs of the final appeal shall be borne by the defendants.

Provisions referred to

[1] 근로기준법 제38조 제2항, 구 근로자퇴직급여 보장법(2011. 7. 25. 법률 제10967호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제11조 제2항(현행 제12조 제2항 참조), 민사집행법 제88조, 제148조 제4호 [2] 근로기준법 제38조 제2항, 구 근로자퇴직급여 보장법(2011. 7. 25. 법률 제10967호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제11조 제2항(현행 제12조 제2항 참조), 민사집행법 제88조, 제148조 제4호, 제149조

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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