Open Decision Ledger · IP, data & telecommunications
Exhaustion of a process patent on a lawfully transferred article
Supreme Court, Jan. 31, 2019, 2017Da289903 (judgment)
Case name: 손해배상(지)
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Where a patentee or licensee lawfully transfers in Korea an article embodying the patented invention, including an article used in or produced by a process invention, does the patent right cease to reach the transferee's use or onward transfer, and how is it decided that an article substantially embodies a process invention?
Holding
Yes. The Court held that where the patentee or licensee lawfully transfers in Korea an article produced by a patented process, the patent has already achieved its purpose and is exhausted on that article, and the same applies where the article transferred is one used in a process invention and substantially embodies it, so the transferee's practice of the method with that article is not reached by the patent. Whether an article substantially embodies a process invention is decided case by case and concretely, weighing together the socially recognised original use of the article, the presence of all components at the core of the technical idea, and the share of the whole process carried out through the article.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
그 물건이 방법발명을 실질적으로 구현한 것이라면, 방법발명의 특허권은 이미 목적을 달성하여 소진되었으므로, 양수인 등이 그 물건을 이용하여 방법발명을 실시하는 행위에 대하여 특허권의 효력이 미치지 않는다.
Unofficial English translation
If the product substantially embodies the method invention, the patent right of the method invention has already been exhausted having achieved its purpose, and therefore the effects of the patent right do not extend to the act of the transferee or the like of practicing the method invention by using that product.
Disposition
Dismissed Stated in the decision
상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 보조참가로 인한 부분을 포함하여 원고가 부담한다.
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed. The plaintiff shall bear the costs of appeal, including the portion arising from the auxiliary intervention.
Form of the test
Circumstances weighed Stated in the decision
그 물건을 통해서 이루어지는 공정이 방법발명의 전체 공정에서 차지하는 비중 등 위의 각 요소들을 종합적으로 고려하여 사안에 따라 구체적·개별적으로 판단하여야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
A determination must be made specifically and individually in each case, taking into account comprehensively the above factors, such as the proportion that the process carried out through the product occupies in the entire process of the method invention.
Factors
- 사회통념상 인정되는 그 물건의 본래 용도가 방법발명의 실시뿐이고 다른 용도는 없는지 여부
- 그 물건에 사회통념상 통용되고 승인될 수 있는 경제적, 상업적 또는 실용적인 다른 용도가 없어야 한다
- 그 물건에 방법발명의 특유한 해결수단이 기초하고 있는 기술사상의 핵심에 해당하는 구성요소가 모두 포함되었는지 여부
- 그 물건을 통해서 이루어지는 공정이 방법발명의 전체 공정에서 차지하는 비중
Unofficial English translation
• Whether, in light of socially accepted notions, the original use of the product is the practice of the method invention alone and there is no other use
• There must be no other use of the product that is, in light of socially accepted notions, capable of being commonly recognized and approved as economic, commercial, or practical
• Whether the product includes all of the components corresponding to the core of the technical idea on which the peculiar solving means of the method invention is based
• The proportion that the process carried out through the product occupies in the entire process of the method invention
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2009. 9. 10. 선고 2007후3356 판결 참조
Unofficial English translation
See Supreme Court Decision 2007Hu3356 decided September 10, 2009
Decisions referred to
[2] 대법원 2009. 9. 10. 선고 2007후3356 판결(공2009하, 1690) / [3] 대법원 2002. 12. 26. 선고 2002다56116 판결(공2003상, 488)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
If the transferee bought the machines at a price that carried no charge for practising the method, and the patentee never had a chance to set such a charge, does the patent still exhaust?
A later decision that narrows or widens the three elements of substantial embodiment, or that treats knowledge of the invention on the transferee's side as relevant, would require this entry to be read again. So would an amendment to Article 2(iii), Article 99 or Article 127(ii) of the Patent Act.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-25
A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).
Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “If the transferee bought the machines at a price that carried no charge for practising the method, and the patentee never had a chance to set such a charge, does the patent still exhaust?” vs Independent “Does an authorized sale abroad of an article substantially embodying a patented method also exhaust the Korean method patent?”
The primary asks whether exhaustion holds when the buyer paid no royalty and the patentee had no chance to set one, while the independent asks whether a foreign sale exhausts the Korean method patent. These are different unresolved points.
그 물건이 방법발명을 실질적으로 구현한 것이라면, 방법발명의 특허권은 이미 목적을 달성하여 소진되었으므로, 양수인 등이 그 물건을 이용하여 방법발명을 실시하는 행위에 대하여 특허권의 효력이 미치지 않는다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Patent Court, in its judgment of 10 November 2017 (2017Na1001), held that the welding machines in issue substantially embodied the patented invention: their only use was to practise it, the welding process ran through the whole process of the invention, the probe and probe pins had all the shapes and inclinations the claim required, and they produced the achieved effect. It also held that the participant, under a licence contract with the plaintiff that expressly allowed it to manufacture and sell suitable equipment, sold the machines to Defendant Company TTS with the plaintiff's permission, so ownership was lawfully acquired and the patent was exhausted.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court found no error. It held that the court below had not misapprehended Article 2(iii) of the Patent Act or the law on patent exhaustion, nor breached rules of logic and experience, in finding substantial embodiment, lawfulness of the transfer and exhaustion. It also found no error in rejecting the plaintiff's argument that its admission in the first hearing should be revoked for untruth or mistake, and held that the court's silence on whether the defendant used only part of the machines could not be a defect affecting the outcome, because the patent was exhausted either way; all the plaintiff's appeals were dismissed.
Distinguishing conditions
- An article that has a commonly accepted economic, commercial or practical use other than practising the method, so that its original use is not solely the method's practice.
- An article that does not contain all the components at the core of the technical idea on which the method's distinctive solution is based, so that substantial embodiment is not made out.
- An article not transferred lawfully by the patentee or licensee, including a transfer made outside Korea, since the Court's rule is framed on lawful transfer in this country.
Record verification notes
Establish first that the transfer was lawful and within the authority the licence conferred, as the court below did from the express right to manufacture and sell. Then test the article against the three elements the Court listed, since a finding of substantial embodiment is what carries exhaustion. Keep the party's own admission apart: an admission that the article exists only to practise the invention binds unless the party shows it was untrue or made in mistake, and the decision does not free a court from deciding that issue.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] ‘물건의 발명’에 대한 특허권자 또는 특허권자로부터 허락을 받은 실시권자가 우리나라에서 특허발명이 구현된 물건을 적법하게 양도한 경우, 양수인이나 전득자가 물건을 사용, 양도하는 등의 행위에 대하여 특허권의 효력이 미치는지 여부(소극) 및 ‘물건을 생산하는 방법의 발명’에 대한 특허권자 등이 우리나라에서 특허방법에 의하여 생산한 물건을 적법하게 양도한 경우에도 마찬가지인지 여부(적극) / ‘물건을 생산하는 방법의 발명’을 포함한 ‘방법의 발명’에 대한 특허권자 등이 우리나라에서 특허방법의 사용에 쓰이는 물건을 적법하게 양도한 경우로서 물건이 위 방법의 발명을 실질적으로 구현한 경우, 양수인 등이 그 물건을 이용하여 위 방법의 발명을 실시하는 행위에 대하여 특허권의 효력이 미치는지 여부(소극) [2] 어떤 물건이 ‘물건을 생산하는 방법의 발명’을 포함한 ‘방법의 발명’을 실질적으로 구현한 것인지 판단하는 기준 [3] 당사자가 주장한 사항에 대한 구체적·직접적인 판단이 판결 이유에 표시되어 있지 않지만 판결 결과에 영향이 없는 경우, 판단누락의 위법이 있다고 할 수 있는지 여부(소극)
Unofficial English translation
[1] Where the patentee of an 'invention of a product' or a licensee who has obtained permission from the patentee has lawfully transferred in Korea a product in which the patented invention is embodied, whether the effects of the patent right extend to acts of the transferee or a subsequent acquirer, such as using or transferring the product (negative), and whether the same applies where the patentee or the like of an 'invention of a method of producing a product' has lawfully transferred in Korea a product produced by the patented method (positive) / Where the patentee or the like of an 'invention of a method', including an 'invention of a method of producing a product', has lawfully transferred in Korea a product used in the practice of the patented method and the product substantially embodies the invention of the method, whether the effects of the patent right extend to the act of the transferee or the like of practicing the invention of the method by using the product (negative) [2] The criteria for determining whether a given product substantially embodies an 'invention of a method', including an 'invention of a method of producing a product' [3] Whether an omission of adjudication can be said to exist where no specific and direct determination of a matter asserted by a party appears in the reasons for the judgment, but the matter has no effect on the outcome of the judgment (negative)
Summary of the holding
[1] 특허법 제2조 제3호는 발명을 ‘물건의 발명’, ‘방법의 발명’, ‘물건을 생산하는 방법의 발명’으로 구분하고 있다. ‘물건의 발명’(이하 ‘물건발명’이라고 한다)에 대한 특허권자 또는 특허권자로부터 허락을 받은 실시권자(이하 ‘특허권자 등’이라고 한다)가 우리나라에서 그 특허발명이 구현된 물건을 적법하게 양도하면, 양도된 당해 물건에 대해서는 특허권이 이미 목적을 달성하여 소진된다. 따라서 양수인이나 전득자(이하 ‘양수인 등’이라고 한다)가 그 물건을 사용, 양도하는 등의 행위에 대하여 특허권의 효력이 미치지 않는다. ‘물건을 생산하는 방법의 발명’에 대한 특허권자 등이 우리나라에서 그 특허방법에 의하여 생산한 물건을 적법하게 양도한 경우에도 마찬가지이다. ‘물건을 생산하는 방법의 발명’을 포함한 ‘방법의 발명’(이하 통틀어 ‘방법발명’이라고 한다)에 대한 특허권자 등이 우리나라에서 그 특허방법의 사용에 쓰이는 물건을 적법하게 양도한 경우로서 그 물건이 방법발명을 실질적으로 구현한 것이라면, 방법발명의 특허권은 이미 목적을 달성하여 소진되었으므로, 양수인 등이 그 물건을 이용하여 방법발명을 실시하는 행위에 대하여 특허권의 효력이 미치지 않는다. [2] 어떤 물건이 ‘물건을 생산하는 방법의 발명’을 포함한 ‘방법의 발명’(이하 통틀어 ‘방법발명’이라고 한다)을 실질적으로 구현한 것인지 여부는 사회통념상 인정되는 그 물건의 본래 용도가 방법발명의 실시뿐이고 다른 용도는 없는지 여부, 그 물건에 방법발명의 특유한 해결수단이 기초하고 있는 기술사상의 핵심에 해당하는 구성요소가 모두 포함되었는지 여부, 그 물건을 통해서 이루어지는 공정이 방법발명의 전체 공정에서 차지하는 비중 등 위의 각 요소들을 종합적으로 고려하여 사안에 따라 구체적·개별적으로 판단하여야 한다. 사회통념상 인정되는 물건의 본래 용도가 방법발명의 실시뿐이고 다른 용도는 없다고 하기 위해서는, 그 물건에 사회통념상 통용되고 승인될 수 있는 경제적, 상업적 또는 실용적인 다른 용도가 없어야 한다. 이와 달리 단순히 특허방법 이외의 다른 방법에 사용될 이론적, 실험적 또는 일시적 사용가능성이 있는 정도에 불과한 경우에는 그 용도는 사회통념상 인정되는 그 물건의 본래 용도라고 보기 어렵다. [3] 당사자가 주장한 사항에 대한 구체적·직접적인 판단이 판결 이유에 표시되어 있지 않았더라도 판결 결과에 영향이 없다면 판단누락의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다.
Order
상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 보조참가로 인한 부분을 포함하여 원고가 부담한다.
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed. The plaintiff shall bear the costs of appeal, including the portion arising from the auxiliary intervention.
Provisions referred to
[1] 특허법 제2조 제3호, 제99조, 제127조 [2] 특허법 제2조 제3호 [3] 민사소송법 제208조, 제423조
Read 2026-10-25 · Cross-read 2026-10-25. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.
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