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Open Decision Ledger · Economic crime

Amount Obtained by Fraud and Causation in Loan Fraud Using Fraudulent Financial Statements, and Unfair Trading and Gains from Violations under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Dec. 22, 2017, 2017Do12649 (judgment)

Case name: 특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(배임)·특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(사기)(피고인2에대하여일부인정된죄명:사기)·주식회사의외부감사에관한법률위반·자본시장과금융투자업에관한법률위반

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where a financial institution extends credit upon submission of window-dressed financial statements, does the provision of collateral, or the fact that the loan could have been made under ordinary credit standards, reduce the amount obtained by fraud or break the chain of causation?

  2. Holding

    In fraud involving the obtaining of money, the entire sum handed over is the amount obtained by fraud, even where consideration has been partly paid or collateral has been provided. The court below held that causation between the act of deception and the credit decision is not severed as a matter of course merely by the fact that credit might also have been extended to a deficit company under ordinary credit standards, and that the adverse effect on the reliability assessment, which would arise if the window-dressing were discovered, must also be taken into account.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    그러므로 사기죄에서 그 대가가 일부 지급되거나 담보가 제공된 경우에도 편취액은 피해자로부터 교부된 금원으로부터 그 대가 또는 담보 상당액을 공제한 차액이 아니라 교부받은 금원 전부라고 보아야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Therefore, even where consideration has been paid in part or security has been provided, the amount obtained by fraud in an offense of fraud must be regarded as the entire sum of money delivered, not as the difference remaining after deducting the amount corresponding to such consideration or security from the money delivered by the victim.
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 모두 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    All appeals are dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    편취액은 피해자로부터 교부된 금원으로부터 그 대가 또는 담보 상당액을 공제한 차액이 아니라 교부받은 금원 전부라고 보아야 한다

    Unofficial English translation

    the amount obtained by fraud must be regarded as the entire sum of money delivered, not as the difference remaining after deducting the amount corresponding to such consideration or security from the money delivered by the victim
  5. Factors

    • 당기순이익이 흑자인지 적자인지와 같은 사정
    • 신뢰성 평가에 미치는 부정적인 영향까지 적절하게 고려·평가하여
    • 사회통념상 부정하다고 인정되는 일체의 수단, 계획 또는 기교
    • 그 거래로 인한 총수입에서 그 거래를 위한 총비용을 공제한 차액

    Unofficial English translation

    • circumstances such as whether the net income for the period is a surplus or a deficit

    • by appropriately taking into account and assessing the adverse effect on the reliability assessment as well

    • any and all means, schemes or artifices that are recognized as unfair in light of socially accepted ideas

    • the difference remaining after deducting the total costs for the transaction from the total revenue arising from the transaction

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2007. 1. 25. 선고 2006도7470 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2006Do7470 decided January 25, 2007

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 2007. 1. 25. 선고 2006도7470 판결(공2007상, 401), 대법원 2010. 9. 9. 선고 2010도7237 판결, 대법원 2017. 1. 12. 선고 2016도15523 판결 / [2] 대법원 2007. 4. 27. 선고 2004도5163 판결, 대법원 2007. 6. 1. 선고 2006도1813 판결(공2007하, 1022), 대법원 2012. 6. 14. 선고 2012도1283 판결(공2012하, 1266) / [3] 대법원 2011. 10. 27. 선고 2011도8109 판결(공2011하, 2504) / [4] 대법원 2011. 7. 14. 선고 2011도3180 판결(공2011하, 1686)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    Where a financial institution extends credit while knowing part of the window-dressing facts, up to what point may a severance of causation between the act of deception and the credit decision be recognized?

    If the provisions of the Act on External Audit of Stock Companies on the disclosure of false financial statements, or the provisions on the calculation of gains under Article 178 and Article 443 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, are amended, this reading is to be reviewed again.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

When compared with an independent reading made by another AI model (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 7 of the 8 axes matched, and the readings diverged on the eighth axis (Open question and revisit condition).

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Where a financial institution extends credit while knowing part of the window-dressing facts, up to what point may a severance of causation between the act of deception and the credit decision be recognized?” vs Independent “When calculating the gains obtained from a violation, up to what point does the scope of the specific costs included in the total cost of the transaction extend?”

The first reading asks about severance of causation where the financial institution was aware of part of the window-dressing facts, while the independent reading asks about the scope of costs to be deducted in the calculation of gains from a violation.

그러므로 사기죄에서 그 대가가 일부 지급되거나 담보가 제공된 경우에도 편취액은 피해자로부터 교부된 금원으로부터 그 대가 또는 담보 상당액을 공제한 차액이 아니라 교부받은 금원 전부라고 보아야 한다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below (Seoul High Court Decision 2017No460) calculated the amount of the window-dressing, among other things, by reflecting unconfirmed change orders for lump-sum construction contracts in contract revenue only where the ordering party's intention to approve was separately confirmed by the date the audit report was issued, and found that the defendants conspired and participated in the preparation and publication of false financial statements in order to conceal the fact of the deficits. Change orders for settlement construction contracts were reflected in favor of the defendants on the ground that the prosecution had failed to carry its burden of proof; Defendant 1's involvement in the window-dressing for fiscal year 2012 was not found; and, with respect to financial transactions using the false financial statements and the obtaining of credit ratings, violations of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes (fraud) and fraudulent unfair trading were recognized.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court accepted the court below's calculation of the amount of the window-dressing and its finding of conspiracy. Since the offense of preparing and publishing false financial statements is established when the documents are kept at the head office one week before the date of the regular general meeting, the court below, which summarily concluded that the offense was established merely upon registration in the electronic disclosure system, misapprehended legal principles; however, since the publication was completed when the documents were kept at the head office around the time the notice of convocation was registered, the conclusion was just. In the Summary of Decision, the Court set out the legal principle that the amount obtained by fraud is the entire sum handed over, and that causation must be determined taking into account the effect on the reliability assessment that would arise if the window-dressing were discovered, and dismissed the final appeals of both the defendants and the prosecution.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Cases in which the method of calculating the amount obtained by fraud is at issue differently, as where a pecuniary benefit other than money was obtained by fraud
  • Cases revealing that the financial institution was aware of the window-dressing facts and still extended credit on its own independent judgment
  • Cases in which the manipulated items were not material matters and had no effect on the assessment of the company's creditworthiness

Record verification notes

Before contesting the amount obtained by fraud or causation, it needs to be checked what grounds the financial statements were actually used as in the credit review, whether the financial institution was aware of the window-dressing, and whether a material matter, such as the distinction between surplus and deficit, was manipulated.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 금원 편취를 내용으로 하는 사기죄에서 대가가 일부 지급되거나 담보가 제공된 경우의 편취액(=교부받은 금원 전부) [2] 기업의 부실 재무제표 제출로 인한 기망행위와 금융기관의 여신 결정 사이에 인과관계가 단절되는지를 판단할 때 고려하여야 할 사항 [3] 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호에서 정한 ‘부정한 수단, 계획 또는 기교’의 의미 [4] 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제443조 제1항 단서 및 제2항에서 정한 ‘위반행위로 얻은 이익’의 의미 및 이익의 산정 방법

Unofficial English translation

[1] Amount obtained by fraud (= the entire sum of money delivered) in the offense of fraud involving the obtaining of money by fraud where consideration has been paid in part or security has been provided [2] Matters to be taken into account in determining whether the causation between the act of deception caused by a corporation's submission of unsound financial statements and the financial institution's decision to extend credit is severed [3] Meaning of 'unfair means, scheme or artifice' as provided in Article 178, paragraph (1), subparagraph 1 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act [4] Meaning of 'gains obtained from the violation' as provided in the proviso to Article 443, paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, and the method of calculating such gains

Summary of the holding

[1] 금원 편취를 내용으로 하는 사기죄에서는 기망으로 인한 금원 교부가 있으면 그 자체로써 피해자의 재산침해가 되어 바로 사기죄가 성립하고, 상당한 대가가 지급되었다거나 피해자의 전체 재산상에 손해가 없다 하여도 사기죄의 성립에는 영향이 없다. 그러므로 사기죄에서 그 대가가 일부 지급되거나 담보가 제공된 경우에도 편취액은 피해자로부터 교부된 금원으로부터 그 대가 또는 담보 상당액을 공제한 차액이 아니라 교부받은 금원 전부라고 보아야 한다. [2] 기업의 재무제표 및 이에 대한 외부감사인의 회계감사 결과를 기재한 감사보고서는 대상 기업의 정확한 재무상태를 드러내는 가장 객관적인 자료로서 증권거래소 등을 통하여 일반에 공시되고, 기업의 신용도와 상환능력 등의 기초자료로서 기업이 발행하는 회사채 및 기업어음의 신용등급평가와 금융기관의 여신제공 여부의 결정에 중요한 판단근거가 된다. 그 결과 해당 기업의 재무제표의 중요한 사항에 관하여 회계처리기준에 위반되는 분식이 있음을 알면서도, 대규모의 여신을 제공하는 것과 같은 사례는 이례적이라고 하지 않을 수 없고, 당기순이익이 흑자인지 적자인지와 같은 사정은 해당 기업체의 신용도를 판단할 때에 보통 중요한 사항의 하나에 해당한다. 나아가 금융기관의 통상적인 여신처리기준에 의하면, 적자상태인 당해 기업에 대한 여신이 가능했을 수도 있다고 하더라도, 이로 인하여 획일적으로 부실 재무제표 제출로 인한 기망행위와 여신 결정 사이의 인과관계가 단절된다고 볼 수는 없고, 기업이 적자상태를 숨기기 위하여 흑자 상황인 것처럼 작성한 재무제표를 제출하였다는 사실이 발각될 경우 초래될 수 있는 신뢰성 평가에 미치는 부정적인 영향까지 적절하게 고려·평가하여 인과관계 단절 여부를 살펴보아야 한다. [3] 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호는 금융투자상품의 매매, 그 밖의 거래와 관련하여 ‘부정한 수단, 계획 또는 기교를 사용하는 행위’를 금지하고 있는데, 여기서 ‘부정한 수단, 계획 또는 기교’란 사회통념상 부정하다고 인정되는 일체의 수단, 계획 또는 기교를 말한다. [4] 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제443조 제1항 단서 및 제2항에서 규정하고 있는 ‘위반행위로 얻은 이익’이란 거기에 함께 규정되어 있는 ‘손실액’에 반대되는 개념으로서, 원칙적으로 당해 위반행위로 인하여 행위자가 얻은 이윤, 즉 그 거래로 인한 총수입에서 그 거래를 위한 총비용을 공제한 차액을 말한다.

Order

상고를 모두 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

All appeals are dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 형법 제347조 [2] 형법 제17조, 제347조 [3] 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호, 제443조 제1항 제8호 [4] 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제443조 제1항, 제2항

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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