Open Decision Ledger · Criminal & investigative procedure
When a judge may correct and re-announce the operative part before pronouncement ends
Supreme Court, May 13, 2022, 2017Do3884 (judgment)
Case name: 무고·사문서위조·위조사문서행사
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Does a pronouncement of judgment end only when every step of the sentencing procedure is complete, and may the presiding judge correct and re-read the operative part before that end, and in what circumstances is such a changed pronouncement lawful?
Holding
The pronouncement is one procedure as a whole and ends only when the judge has read the operative part, explained the gist of the reasons, given the defendant notice of the appeal period and the competent court, and, where necessary, completed admonition or the handing over of related documents. Before that end the judge may correct and re-announce the operative part, but not without limit: it is permitted only where special circumstances exist, such as a mistake in reading or explaining the operative part and reasons as written in the judgment, or the discovery of an error in the judgment itself. On these facts the change from one year to three years, made because of the defendant's disruptive conduct after the first reading, had no such special circumstance behind it and was unlawful.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
재판장이 일단 주문을 낭독하여 선고 내용이 외부적으로 표시된 이상 재판서에 기재된 주문과 이유를 잘못 낭독하거나 설명하는 등 실수가 있거나 판결 내용에 잘못이 있음이 발견된 경우와 같이 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에 변경 선고가 허용된다.
Unofficial English translation
Once the presiding judge has read the order aloud and the content of the pronouncement has been externally manifested, an amended pronouncement is permitted in cases where there are special circumstances, such as where a mistake has been made in reading aloud or explaining the order and reasons entered in the written judgment, or where an error in the content of the judgment has been discovered.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 의정부지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Uijeongbu District Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
재판장이 일단 주문을 낭독하여 선고 내용이 외부적으로 표시된 이상 재판서에 기재된 주문과 이유를 잘못 낭독하거나 설명하는 등 실수가 있거나 판결 내용에 잘못이 있음이 발견된 경우와 같이 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에 변경 선고가 허용된다.
Unofficial English translation
Once the presiding judge has read the order aloud and the content of the pronouncement has been externally manifested, an amended pronouncement is permitted in cases where there are special circumstances, such as where a mistake has been made in reading aloud or explaining the order and reasons entered in the written judgment, or where an error in the content of the judgment has been discovered.
Factors
- 판결 선고는 전체적으로 하나의 절차로서
- 재판장이 일단 주문을 낭독하여 선고 내용이 외부적으로 표시된 이상
- 재판서에 기재된 주문과 이유를 잘못 낭독하거나 설명하는 등 실수가 있거나 판결 내용에 잘못이 있음이 발견된 경우와 같이 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에 변경 선고가 허용된다
- 피고인이 난동을 부린 것은 제1심 재판장이 징역 1년의 주문을 낭독한 이후의 사정이며
- 선고기일에 피고인의 변호인이 출석하지 않았고, 피고인은 자신의 행동이 양형에 불리하게 반영되는 과정에서 어떠한 방어권도 행사하지 못하였다는 이유로
Unofficial English translation
• the pronouncement of judgment is, in its entirety, one procedure, and
• once the presiding judge has read the order aloud and the content of the pronouncement has been externally manifested
• an amended pronouncement is permitted in cases where there are special circumstances, such as where a mistake has been made in reading aloud or explaining the order and reasons entered in the written judgment, or where an error in the content of the judgment has been discovered
• the defendant's disturbance occurred after the court of first instance read the order imposing imprisonment for one year, and
• on the date of pronouncement the defendant's counsel did not appear, and the defendant was unable to exercise any right of defense in the process whereby his conduct was unfavorably reflected in sentencing
Relation to precedent
Cannot be determined Not in the decision
Decisions referred to
해당 본문 참조
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Can a defendant's disruptive conduct during the sentencing procedure ever be reflected in the sentence, and if so through what procedure and after what opportunity to be heard?
The remand judgment of the Uijeongbu District Court in case 2016No2606, once it re-examines the sentence, will show how the limits the Court set are applied to this defendant's conduct. Any amendment to Article 43 or Article 324 of the Criminal Procedure Act or to Article 147 of the Criminal Procedure Rules would require reading this entry again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
8 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-25
A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on all 8 axes.
Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Uijeongbu District Court, in its judgment of 14 February 2017 (2016No2606), found all charges of forgery of a promissory note, its use and false accusation proved. It held the changed pronouncement lawful, because the sentencing hearing had not ended when the judge announced it, and everything that had occurred up to the end of the hearing could be taken into account in changing and re-announcing a sentence already pronounced. It nonetheless held the three-year term excessive, reversed the first-instance judgment and imposed two years.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court found no special circumstance justifying the change. The judge had already shown the operative part externally by reading that the defendant was sentenced to one year, and can be seen as having found that one year was the proper sentence fitting the defendant's culpability, so the disturbance was a matter arising only afterwards. Raising the term to three times the announced sentence on the ground of that conduct, at a hearing the defendant's counsel did not attend and where the defendant could exercise no right of defence against the adverse effect on sentence, was unlawful, and the court below misapplied the law on the limits of pronouncement and changed sentencing. The judgment was reversed and the case remanded to the Uijeongbu District Court on the Justices' unanimous opinion.
Distinguishing conditions
- A changed pronouncement made because the judge read or explained the operative part and reasons written in the judgment incorrectly, which the Court treats as a special circumstance permitting the change.
- A case in which an error in the content of the judgment is discovered before the pronouncement procedure ends, which likewise permits a correction.
- A change announced after the pronouncement procedure has already been completed, since the Court's permission to correct extends only until the procedure ends.
Record verification notes
Fix first the exact moment the operative part was read and what the judge said and did until the procedure closed, and set the changed sentence against the announced one. Then check whether the stated reason for the change was an error in the written judgment or the judge's own reading, and not the defendant's conduct afterwards. Finally confirm who was present, whether counsel attended the sentencing hearing, and whether the defendant was given any opportunity to answer the reason given for the heavier term.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 판결 선고의 종료 시점 / 재판장이 주문을 낭독한 이후라도 선고가 종료되기 전까지는 일단 낭독한 주문의 내용을 정정하여 다시 선고할 수 있는지 여부(적극) 및 이러한 변경 선고가 허용되는 경우 [2] 제1심 재판장이 선고기일에 법정에서 ‘피고인을 징역 1년에 처한다.’는 주문을 낭독한 뒤 상소기간 등에 관한 고지를 하던 중 피고인이 ‘재판이 개판이야, 재판이 뭐 이 따위야.’ 등의 말과 욕설을 하면서 난동을 부려 교도관이 피고인을 제압하여 구치감으로 끌고 갔는데, 제1심 재판장은 그 과정에서 피고인에게 원래 선고를 듣던 자리로 돌아올 것을 명하였고, 법정경위가 구치감으로 따라 들어가 피고인을 다시 법정으로 데리고 나오자, 제1심 재판장이 피고인에게 ‘선고가 아직 끝난 것이 아니고 선고가 최종적으로 마무리되기까지 이 법정에서 나타난 사정 등을 종합하여 선고형을 정정한다.’는 취지로 말하며 징역 3년을 선고한 사안에서, 위 변경 선고는 위법하다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] The point in time at which the pronouncement of judgment concludes / whether, even after the presiding judge has read the order aloud, the content of the order already read may be corrected and pronounced again until the pronouncement is concluded (affirmative) and cases in which such an amended pronouncement is permitted [2] In a case where, on the date of pronouncement, the court of first instance read aloud in court the order that "the defendant is sentenced to imprisonment for one year" and, while giving notice concerning the period for appeal and related matters, the defendant caused a disturbance, uttering remarks such as "This trial is a mess; what kind of trial is this?" and profanities, so that a prison officer subdued the defendant and dragged him to the detention cell, and the court of first instance, in the course thereof, ordered the defendant to return to the place where he had been listening to the pronouncement, and when the court bailiff followed him into the detention cell and brought the defendant back to the courtroom, the court of first instance stated, in substance, that "the pronouncement has not yet ended, and until the pronouncement is finally concluded, I amend the sentence pronounced, taking comprehensively into account the circumstances that have arisen in this courtroom and otherwise," and pronounced a sentence of three years' imprisonment, a case in which it was held that the above amended pronouncement was unlawful
Summary of the holding
[1] 형사소송법은 재판장이 판결을 선고함에는 주문을 낭독하고 이유의 요지를 설명하여야 하고(제43조 후문), 형을 선고하는 경우에는 피고인에게 상소할 기간과 상소할 법원을 고지하여야 한다고 정한다(제324조). 형사소송규칙은 재판장은 판결을 선고할 때 피고인에게 이유의 요지를 말이나 판결서 등본 또는 판결서 초본의 교부 등 적절한 방법으로 설명하고, 판결을 선고하면서 피고인에게 적절한 훈계를 할 수 있으며(제147조), 재판장은 판결을 선고하면서 피고인에게 형법 제59조의2, 형법 제62조의2의 규정에 의하여 보호관찰, 사회봉사 또는 수강을 명하는 경우에는 그 취지 및 필요하다고 인정하는 사항이 적힌 서면을 교부하여야 한다고 정한다(제147조의2 제1항). 이러한 규정 내용에 비추어 보면, 판결 선고는 전체적으로 하나의 절차로서 재판장이 판결의 주문을 낭독하고 이유의 요지를 설명한 다음 피고인에게 상소기간 등을 고지하고, 필요한 경우 훈계, 보호관찰 등 관련 서면의 교부까지 마치는 등 선고절차를 마쳤을 때에 비로소 종료된다. 재판장이 주문을 낭독한 이후라도 선고가 종료되기 전까지는 일단 낭독한 주문의 내용을 정정하여 다시 선고할 수 있다. 그러나 판결 선고절차가 종료되기 전이라도 변경 선고가 무제한 허용된다고 할 수는 없다. 재판장이 일단 주문을 낭독하여 선고 내용이 외부적으로 표시된 이상 재판서에 기재된 주문과 이유를 잘못 낭독하거나 설명하는 등 실수가 있거나 판결 내용에 잘못이 있음이 발견된 경우와 같이 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에 변경 선고가 허용된다. [2] 제1심 재판장이 선고기일에 법정에서 ‘피고인을 징역 1년에 처한다.’는 주문을 낭독한 뒤 상소기간 등에 관한 고지를 하던 중 피고인이 ‘재판이 개판이야, 재판이 뭐 이 따위야.’ 등의 말과 욕설을 하면서 난동을 부려 교도관이 피고인을 제압하여 구치감으로 끌고 갔는데, 제1심 재판장은 그 과정에서 피고인에게 원래 선고를 듣던 자리로 돌아올 것을 명하였고, 법정경위가 구치감으로 따라 들어가 피고인을 다시 법정으로 데리고 나오자, 제1심 재판장이 피고인에게 ‘선고가 아직 끝난 것이 아니고 선고가 최종적으로 마무리되기까지 이 법정에서 나타난 사정 등을 종합하여 선고형을 정정한다.’는 취지로 말하며 징역 3년을 선고한 사안에서, 위 변경 선고는 최초 낭독한 주문 내용에 잘못이 있다거나 재판서에 기재된 주문과 이유를 잘못 낭독하거나 설명하는 등 변경 선고가 정당하다고 볼 만한 특별한 사정이 발견되지 않으므로 위법하고, 피고인이 난동을 부린 것은 제1심 재판장이 징역 1년의 주문을 낭독한 이후의 사정이며, 제1심 재판장은 선고절차 중 피고인의 행동을 양형에 반영해야 한다는 이유로 이미 주문으로 낭독한 형의 3배에 해당하는 징역 3년으로 선고형을 변경하였는데, 선고기일에 피고인의 변호인이 출석하지 않았고, 피고인은 자신의 행동이 양형에 불리하게 반영되는 과정에서 어떠한 방어권도 행사하지 못하였다는 이유로, 이와 달리 보아 제1심 선고절차에 아무런 위법이 없다고 판단한 원심판결에 판결 선고절차와 변경 선고의 한계에 관한 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 의정부지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Uijeongbu District Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 형사소송법 제43조, 제324조, 형사소송규칙 제147조, 제147조의2 제1항 [2] 형사소송법 제43조, 제324조, 형사소송규칙 제147조
Read 2026-10-25 · Cross-read 2026-10-25. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.
Back to the ledger