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Open Decision Ledger · IP, data & telecommunications

Equivalence and the shared task-solving principle in a scope confirmation

Supreme Court, Jan. 31, 2019, 2017Hu424 (judgment)

Case name: 권리범위확인(특)

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    When part of the configuration stated in the claim of a patent invention is changed, on what conditions does the target invention still fall within the scope of the patent claim as equivalent, and how is the identity of the task-solving principle to be judged?

  2. Holding

    A target invention falls within the scope of the patent claim as equivalent where it includes the same elements and the same organic combination of them, and, where a part is changed, where it shares the same task-solving principle with the patent invention, produces substantially the same action and effect, and the change is one that any person with ordinary knowledge in the field could readily think of; absent special circumstances, it still falls within that scope. The identity of the task-solving principle is judged not by formally extracting part of the claimed configuration, but by substantively inquiring, in light of the description of the invention and the common general knowledge at the filing date and against the prior art, what the core of the technical idea underlying the invention's specific means of solution is.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    그와 같이 변경하는 것이 그 발명이 속하는 기술분야에서 통상의 지식을 가진 사람이라면 누구나 쉽게 생각해 낼 수 있는 정도라면, 특별한 사정이 없는 한 확인대상 발명은 특허발명의 특허청구범위에 기재된 구성과 균등한 것으로서 여전히 특허발명의 권리범위에 속한다고 보아야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    If making such a modification is at a level that anyone having ordinary knowledge in the technical field to which the invention belongs could readily conceive, then, absent special circumstances, the accused invention must be regarded as equivalent to the configuration stated in the claims of the patented invention and as still falling within the scope of the patented invention.
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고가 부담한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the final appeal shall be borne by the plaintiff.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    특허청구범위에 기재된 구성의 일부를 형식적으로 추출할 것이 아니라, 명세서에 적힌 발명의 상세한 설명의 기재와 출원 당시의 공지기술 등을 참작하여 선행기술과 대비하여 볼 때 특허발명에 특유한 해결수단이 기초하고 있는 기술사상의 핵심이 무엇인가를 실질적으로 탐구하여 판단하여야 한다

    Unofficial English translation

    Rather than formally extracting a part of the configuration stated in the claims, the core of the technical idea on which the solving means peculiar to the patented invention is based must be ascertained and determined in substance, by taking into account the detailed description of the invention set forth in the specification and the prior art existing at the time of filing, in comparison with the prior art
  5. Factors

    • 특허발명과 과제 해결원리가 동일하고
    • 특허발명에서와 실질적으로 동일한 작용효과를 나타내며
    • 그와 같이 변경하는 것이 그 발명이 속하는 기술분야에서 통상의 지식을 가진 사람이라면 누구나 쉽게 생각해 낼 수 있는 정도라면
    • 특별한 사정이 없는 한
    • 기술사상의 핵심이 무엇인가를 실질적으로 탐구하여 판단하여야 한다

    Unofficial English translation

    • It is identical to the patented invention in the principle of solving the problem, and

    • it exhibits substantially the same operational effect as in the patented invention, and

    • if making such a modification is at a level that anyone having ordinary knowledge in the technical field to which the invention belongs could readily conceive, then

    • absent special circumstances,

    • the core of the technical idea must be ascertained and determined in substance

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2014. 7. 24. 선고 2012후1132 판결 참조

    Unofficial English translation

    See Supreme Court Decision 2012Hu1132 decided July 24, 2014

    Decisions referred to

    대법원 2009. 6. 25. 선고 2007후3806 판결(공2009하, 1239), 대법원 2010. 5. 27. 선고 2010후296 판결(공2010하, 1296), 대법원 2011. 7. 28. 선고 2010후67 판결(공2011하, 1853), 대법원 2014. 5. 29. 선고 2012후498 판결(공2014하, 1351), 대법원 2014. 7. 24. 선고 2012후1132 판결(공2014하, 1753), 대법원 2015. 5. 14. 선고 2014후2788 판결(공2015상, 821), 대법원 2018. 5. 30. 선고 2016후2119 판결(공2018하, 1200)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    How is the degree to which a patent invention contributed to technological advance measured when deciding how broadly or narrowly its task-solving principle is to be read?

    A later Supreme Court decision in the line of Supreme Court Decision 2012Hu1132 that alters how the core of the technical idea is identified would require this entry to be read again. So would an amendment of Article 135 of the Patent Act, which this decision lists among the provisions referred to.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

8 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-25

A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on all 8 axes.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The Patent Court, in its judgment of 20 January 2017 (2015Heo7674), held that the target invention fell within the scope of claim 1 of the patent invention for an automatic cutting and storing device for grilled laver. On the record, the target invention included the same configurations as elements 1 to 5 and element 8 of claim 1, and included a corresponding structure in place of elements 6 and 7.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court found no error affecting the outcome. It held that the core of the technical idea of claim 1 lay in guiding cut stacks of laver to separate from one another along the outer sloped surface of a lattice-shaped part fixed at the bottom of the guide case, that this core was not common general knowledge at the filing date, and that the function of element 6 contributed only to implementing that core. It further held that the task-solving principle and the action and effect were substantially the same and that the changes were readily thinkable, so the conclusion of the court below was sound even though some parts of its reasoning were inappropriate, and dismissed the appeal.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A target invention that does not include every element of the claim and the organic combination of those elements as claimed, since inclusion of them unchanged is the starting requirement.
  • A changed structure that produces a different action and effect, or that a person with ordinary knowledge in the field could not readily think of, or where special circumstances exist.
  • A case in which the core of the technical idea read from the description is replaced by a different technical idea on the basis of common general knowledge not stated in the description, which the Court barred.

Record verification notes

Read the description of the invention and identify the core of the technical idea behind its specific means of solution, then check whether that core or the surrounding art was common general knowledge at the filing date. Set the target invention against the claim element by element, separating what is unchanged from what is changed, and test each change for ease of thought and for effect. Check whether special circumstances exist, since the equivalence rule applies only in their absence.

From the official text

Points at issue

확인대상 발명이 특허발명의 권리범위에 속하는지 판단하는 기준 / 확인대상 발명에 특허발명의 특허청구범위에 기재된 구성 중 변경된 부분이 있는 경우, 확인대상 발명이 특허발명의 특허청구범위에 기재된 구성과 균등한 것으로서 특허발명의 권리범위에 속한다고 볼 수 있는 요건 및 확인대상 발명과 특허발명의 ‘과제 해결원리가 동일’한지를 판단하는 방법

Unofficial English translation

Criteria for determining whether an accused invention falls within the scope of a patented invention / Requirements for regarding an accused invention as equivalent to the configuration stated in the claims of a patented invention and thus as falling within the scope of the patented invention, where the accused invention includes a modified part of the configuration stated in the claims of the patented invention, and method for determining whether the accused invention and the patented invention are 'identical in the principle of solving the problem'

Summary of the holding

특허발명과 대비되는 확인대상 발명이 특허발명의 권리범위에 속한다고 하기 위해서는 특허발명의 특허청구범위에 기재된 각 구성요소와 그 구성요소 간의 유기적 결합관계가 확인대상 발명에 그대로 포함되어 있어야 한다. 확인대상 발명에 특허발명의 특허청구범위에 기재된 구성 중 변경된 부분이 있는 경우에도 특허발명과 과제 해결원리가 동일하고, 특허발명에서와 실질적으로 동일한 작용효과를 나타내며, 그와 같이 변경하는 것이 그 발명이 속하는 기술분야에서 통상의 지식을 가진 사람이라면 누구나 쉽게 생각해 낼 수 있는 정도라면, 특별한 사정이 없는 한 확인대상 발명은 특허발명의 특허청구범위에 기재된 구성과 균등한 것으로서 여전히 특허발명의 권리범위에 속한다고 보아야 한다. 확인대상 발명과 특허발명의 ‘과제 해결원리가 동일’한지를 가릴 때에는 특허청구범위에 기재된 구성의 일부를 형식적으로 추출할 것이 아니라, 명세서에 적힌 발명의 상세한 설명의 기재와 출원 당시의 공지기술 등을 참작하여 선행기술과 대비하여 볼 때 특허발명에 특유한 해결수단이 기초하고 있는 기술사상의 핵심이 무엇인가를 실질적으로 탐구하여 판단하여야 한다. 특허법이 보호하려는 특허발명의 실질적 가치는 선행기술에서 해결되지 않았던 기술과제를 특허발명이 해결하여 기술발전에 기여하였다는 데에 있으므로, 확인대상 발명의 변경된 구성요소가 특허발명의 대응되는 구성요소와 균등한지를 판단할 때에도 특허발명에 특유한 과제 해결원리를 고려하는 것이다. 그리고 특허발명의 과제 해결원리를 파악할 때 발명의 상세한 설명의 기재뿐만 아니라 출원 당시의 공지기술 등까지 참작하는 것은 전체 선행기술과의 관계에서 특허발명이 기술발전에 기여한 정도에 따라 특허발명의 실질적 가치를 객관적으로 파악하여 그에 합당한 보호를 하기 위한 것이다. 따라서 이러한 선행기술을 참작하여 특허발명이 기술발전에 기여한 정도에 따라 특허발명의 과제 해결원리를 얼마나 넓게 또는 좁게 파악할지 결정하여야 한다. 다만 발명의 상세한 설명에 기재되지 않은 공지기술을 근거로 발명의 상세한 설명에서 파악되는 기술사상의 핵심을 제외한 채 다른 기술사상을 기술사상의 핵심으로 대체하여서는 안 된다. 발명의 상세한 설명을 신뢰한 제3자가 발명의 상세한 설명에서 파악되는 기술사상의 핵심을 이용하지 않았음에도 위와 같이 대체된 기술사상의 핵심을 이용하였다는 이유로 과제 해결원리가 같다고 판단하게 되면 제3자에게 예측할 수 없는 손해를 끼칠 수 있기 때문이다.

Order

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고가 부담한다.

Unofficial English translation

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the final appeal shall be borne by the plaintiff.

Provisions referred to

특허법 제135조

Read 2026-10-25 · Cross-read 2026-10-25. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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