Open Decision Ledger · Tax & international taxation
A manifest defect in an assessment that left a clear reduction provision unapplied
Supreme Court, Apr. 23, 2019, 2018Da287287 (judgment)
Case name: 부당이득금
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Where a piece of land met every requirement for the 50 per cent property tax reduction under Article 84(2) of the former Local Tax Special Cases and Limitation Act, but the municipality refused the reduction on the ground that the urban planning project had already been completed, was the defect in the resulting assessment grave and manifest so that the assessment was void on its own?
Holding
Yes, a tax assessment is void on its own only where the defect breaches an important part of a provision and is objectively manifest. Where it is plainly settled that a provision cannot be applied to the legal or factual relationship in hand, applying it anyway is grave and manifest; where that point was genuinely open to argument, a misreading is no more than a misapprehension of the facts constituting the tax requirements. Article 84(2) of the former Local Tax Special Cases and Limitation Act reduced 50 per cent of the property tax on land that was a public facility under Article 2(13) of the former National Land Planning and Utilisation Act and whose site plan map had been published under Articles 30 and 32 of that Act, with no further requirement, and a published map includes land whose project was executed as well as land not yet executed. The meaning was therefore clear on its face, so refusing the reduction because the project had been completed was an arbitrary reading, and the Supreme Court reversed the judgment below and remanded the case to the Seoul High Court.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
감경조항은 법문상 의미가 명확하여 해석에 다툼의 여지가 없으므로, 감경조항에서 정한 감경요건을 모두 갖추고 있는 갑 공사 소유의 토지에 대하여 감경조항을 적용하지 않은 재산세 등 부과처분은 그 하자가 중대하고 명백한데도
Unofficial English translation
Since the reduction provision is clear in meaning on the face of its text and leaves no room for dispute in interpretation, the imposition of property taxes, etc. which failed to apply the reduction provision to the land owned by Company A that satisfies all the requirements for reduction set forth in the reduction provision has a serious and obvious defect, and yet
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
그 하자가 법규의 중요한 부분을 위반한 중대한 것으로서 객관적으로 명백한 것이어야 하며, 하자가 중대하고 명백한지를 판별할 때에는
Unofficial English translation
its defect must be serious, in that it violates an important part of a statute, and objectively obvious, and in determining whether the defect is serious and obvious,
Factors
- 그 하자가 법규의 중요한 부분을 위반한 중대한 것으로서 객관적으로 명백한 것이어야 하며
- ‘그 토지가 구 국토계획법 제30조 및 제32조에 따라 도시관리계획의 결정 및 도시관리계획에 관한 지형도면의 고시가 된 토지일 것’이라는 요건을 모두 갖추면 ‘재산세의 100분의 50’을 경감받을 수 있고 그 밖에 다른 부가적인 요건은 규정되어 있지 않은 점
- 집행이 이루어진 토지도 모두 포함됨이 분명한 점 등을 종합하면 감경조항은 법문상 의미가 명확하여 해석에 다툼의 여지가 없으므로
Unofficial English translation
• its defect must be serious, in that it violates an important part of a statute, and objectively obvious, and
• the point that, if the requirement that "the land is land for which the determination of an urban management plan and the public announcement of topographical maps relating to urban management plans has been made pursuant to Articles 30 and 32 of the former National Territory Planning Act" is satisfied in full, "50/100 of the property tax" may be reduced, and no other additional requirements are prescribed, and
• the point that it is clear that lands on which implementation has been carried out are also all included, and upon a comprehensive consideration of the foregoing, the reduction provision is clear in meaning on the face of its text and leaves no room for dispute in interpretation, and therefore
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2018. 7. 19. 선고 2017다242409 전원합의체 판결(공2018하, 1693)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court en banc Decision 2017Da242409 decided July 19, 2018 (Gong 2018 Ha, 1693)
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2018. 7. 19. 선고 2017다242409 전원합의체 판결(공2018하, 1693) / [2] 대법원 2014. 5. 16. 선고 2011두27094 판결
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Since the amendment of 27 December 2016 added the requirement that the land be unexecuted at the tax base date, would refusing the reduction for land whose project had been executed after that amendment still be a grave and manifest defect making the assessment void on its own?
The remand judgment of the Seoul High Court, once it decides the restitution claim on the remitted record, will show how the voidness holding was applied. A later decision on Article 84(2) as amended by Act No. 14477, or a record showing that the land was not a public facility or had no published site plan map at the tax base date, would require this entry to be read again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-26
A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).
Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Since the amendment of 27 December 2016 added the requirement that the land be unexecuted at the tax base date, would refusing the reduction for land whose project had been executed after that amendment still be a grave and manifest defect making the assessment void on its own?” vs Independent “Would the same reduction remain available if the urban planning project itself were abolished before the tax assessment date?”
The first reading asks about the later amendment adding an unexecuted land requirement, while the independent reading asks about abolition of the project itself.
감경조항은 법문상 의미가 명확하여 해석에 다툼의 여지가 없으므로, 감경조항에서 정한 감경요건을 모두 갖추고 있는 갑 공사 소유의 토지에 대하여 감경조항을 적용하지 않은 재산세 등 부과처분은 그 하자가 중대하고 명백한데도Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Seoul High Court, in its judgment of 24 October 2018 (2017Na2069688), held that it could not be said that there was no room for dispute over the meaning of the reduction provision, and on that premise concluded that the property tax assessment was not void on its own. The plaintiff, Company A, had paid the property tax for 2011 and 2012 and then sought restitution under Article 741 of the Civil Act of the part of the payments that should have been reduced.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the reduction provision's meaning was clear on its face, that the land met all its requirements and included land whose project had been executed, so the assessment carried a grave and manifest defect. Treating the provision as open to argument misapprehended the law on the automatic voidness of tax assessments and affected the outcome. It reversed the whole judgment and remanded the case to the Seoul High Court, leaving the remaining grounds for appeal unexamined, with the Justices unanimous.
Distinguishing conditions
- A case in which it is genuinely unclear whether a provision can be applied to the legal or factual relationship in hand, so that the authority's reading is no more than a misapprehension of the facts constituting the tax requirements.
- Land that fails to meet either requirement, that is, land that is not a public facility under Article 2(13) of the former National Land Planning and Utilisation Act and its Enforcement Decree Article 4(i), or land for which no city management plan decision and no publication of the site plan map was made under Articles 30 and 32.
- A tax base date governed by the provision as amended by Act No. 14477 of 27 December 2016, which added the requirement that the land be unexecuted at the tax base date and ran only to 31 December 2018.
Record verification notes
Set the land against the two requirements one by one for each tax base date, since the Court accepted that both were met for 2011 and 2012. Check which version of Article 84 was in force on each base date, because the Court applied the text before the 2016 amendment. Do not import the words 'ten years or more unexecuted' from the comparison provision in Article 84(1): the Court held that extracting only that element, or creating a further restriction on execution, would cross the limits of statutory interpretation under the principle of legality of taxation.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 과세처분이 당연무효라고 하기 위한 요건 및 과세처분의 하자가 중대하고 명백한지 판별하는 방법 / 어느 법률관계나 사실관계에 대하여 어느 법령의 규정을 적용할 수 없다는 법리가 명백히 밝혀지지 않아 해석에 다툼의 여지가 있는 상태에서 과세관청이 이를 잘못 해석하여 과세처분을 한 경우, 그 하자가 명백하다고 할 수 있는지 여부(소극) [2] 과세관청이 법령 규정의 문언상 과세처분 요건의 의미가 분명한데도 합리적인 근거 없이 그 의미를 잘못 해석한 결과 과세처분 요건이 충족되지 아니한 상태에서 해당 처분을 한 경우, 법리가 명백히 밝혀지지 않아 해석에 다툼의 여지가 있다고 할 수 있는지 여부(소극) [3] 갑 공사 소유의 토지는 재산세 과세기준일 현재 구 국토의 계획 및 이용에 관한 법률 제2조 제13호, 같은 법 시행령 제4조 제1호에서 정한 공공시설인 항만, 녹지, 도로 등을 위한 토지로서 같은 법 제30조 및 제32조에 따라 도시관리계획의 결정 및 도시계획에 관한 지형도면의 고시가 된 토지에 해당하는데, 과세관청인 지방자치단체가 위 토지에 대하여 이미 사업이 완료된 토지라는 이유로 구 지방세특례제한법 제84조 제2항에 따른 경감을 하지 않고 재산세 등을 부과하자, 갑 공사가 재산세 등을 납부한 후 과세처분의 당연무효를 주장하면서 재산세 등 납부액 중 경감받지 못한 부분에 관한 부당이득반환을 구한 사안에서, 구 지방세특례제한법 제84조 제2항은 법문상 의미가 명확하여 해석에 다툼의 여지가 없으므로, 위 조항에서 정한 감경요건을 모두 갖추고 있는 갑 공사 소유의 토지에 대하여 위 조항을 적용하지 않은 재산세 등 부과처분은 그 하자가 중대하고 명백한데도, 위 조항의 해석에 다툼의 여지가 있음을 전제로 하여 재산세 등 부과처분이 당연무효가 아니라고 본 원심판단에는 과세처분의 당연무효에 관한 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] Requirements for holding that a tax disposition is void by operation of law, and the method for determining whether the defect in a tax disposition is serious and obvious / Where the legal principle that a certain statutory provision cannot be applied to a certain legal relationship or facts is not clearly established, leaving room for dispute in interpretation, and the tax authority misinterprets this and makes a tax disposition, whether the defect can be regarded as obvious (negative) [2] Where, although the meaning of the requirements for a tax disposition is clear on the face of the statutory provision, the tax authority misinterprets that meaning without reasonable grounds and makes the relevant disposition in a state where the requirements for a tax disposition are not satisfied, whether it can be said that the legal principle is not clearly established and thus there is room for dispute in interpretation (negative) [3] The land owned by Company A was, as of the date on which the property tax liability is determined, land used for public facilities, namely ports, green areas, roads, etc. as defined in Article 2, subparagraph 13 of the former Act on the Planning and the Use of National Territory and Article 4, subparagraph 1 of its Enforcement Decree, and was land for which the determination of an urban management plan and the public announcement of topographical maps relating to urban plans was made pursuant to Article 30 and Article 32 of the same Act. Where the local government, the tax authority, imposed property taxes, etc. on the land without granting a reduction under former Article 84 (2) of the Restriction of Special Local Taxation Act on the ground that the land was land for which the project had already been completed, and Company A, after paying the property taxes, etc., asserted that the tax disposition was void by operation of law and sought restitution of unjust enrichment for the portion of the property taxes, etc. paid that was not reduced, in such a case, since former Article 84 (2) of the Restriction of Special Local Taxation Act is clear in meaning on the face of its text and leaves no room for dispute in interpretation, the imposition of property taxes, etc. which failed to apply the said provision to the land owned by Company A that satisfies all the requirements for reduction set forth in the said provision has a serious and obvious defect; and yet the determination of the judgment of the court below, which held that the imposition of property taxes, etc. was not void by operation of law on the premise that there was room for dispute in the interpretation of the said provision, is erroneous in misapprehension of legal principles concerning the void by operation of law of a tax disposition
Summary of the holding
[1] 과세처분이 당연무효라고 하기 위하여는 그 처분에 위법사유가 있다는 것만으로는 부족하고 그 하자가 법규의 중요한 부분을 위반한 중대한 것으로서 객관적으로 명백한 것이어야 하며, 하자가 중대하고 명백한지를 판별할 때에는 과세처분의 근거가 되는 법규의 목적·의미·기능 등을 목적론적으로 고찰함과 동시에 구체적 사안 자체의 특수성에 관하여도 합리적으로 고찰하여야 한다. 그리고 어느 법률관계나 사실관계에 대하여 어느 법령의 규정을 적용하여 과세처분을 한 경우에 그 법률관계나 사실관계에 대하여는 그 법령의 규정을 적용할 수 없다는 법리가 명백히 밝혀져서 해석에 다툼의 여지가 없음에도 과세관청이 그 법령의 규정을 적용하여 과세처분을 하였다면 그 하자는 중대하고도 명백하다고 할 것이나, 그 법률관계나 사실관계에 대하여 그 법령의 규정을 적용할 수 없다는 법리가 명백히 밝혀지지 아니하여 해석에 다툼의 여지가 있는 때에는 과세관청이 이를 잘못 해석하여 과세처분을 하였더라도 이는 과세요건사실을 오인한 것에 불과하여 그 하자가 명백하다고 할 수 없다. [2] 과세관청이 법령 규정의 문언상 과세처분 요건의 의미가 분명함에도 합리적인 근거 없이 그 의미를 잘못 해석한 결과, 과세처분 요건이 충족되지 아니한 상태에서 해당 처분을 한 경우에는 법리가 명백히 밝혀지지 아니하여 그 해석에 다툼의 여지가 있다고 볼 수 없다. [3] 갑 공사 소유의 토지는 재산세 과세기준일 현재 구 국토의 계획 및 이용에 관한 법률(2012. 12. 18. 법률 제11599호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘구 국토계획법’이라 한다) 제2조 제13호, 같은 법 시행령 제4조 제1호에서 정한 공공시설인 항만, 녹지, 도로 등을 위한 토지로서 같은 법 제30조 및 제32조에 따라 도시관리계획의 결정 및 도시계획에 관한 지형도면의 고시가 된 토지에 해당하는데, 과세관청인 지방자치단체가 위 토지에 대하여 이미 사업이 완료된 토지라는 이유로 구 지방세특례제한법(2012. 10. 2. 법률 제11487호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제84조 제2항(이하 ‘감경조항’이라 한다)에 따른 경감을 하지 않고 재산세 등을 부과하자, 갑 공사가 재산세 등을 납부한 후 과세처분의 당연무효를 주장하면서 재산세 등 납부액 중 경감받지 못한 부분에 관한 부당이득반환을 구한 사안에서, 감경조항에 따라 ‘구 국토계획법 제2조 제13호에 따른 공공시설을 위한 토지일 것’, ‘그 토지가 구 국토계획법 제30조 및 제32조에 따라 도시관리계획의 결정 및 도시관리계획에 관한 지형도면의 고시가 된 토지일 것’이라는 요건을 모두 갖추면 ‘재산세의 100분의 50’을 경감받을 수 있고 그 밖에 다른 부가적인 요건은 규정되어 있지 않은 점, 구 국토계획법 제32조에 따르면 도시관리계획에 관한 지형도면의 고시는 같은 법 제30조에 따라 도시관리계획이 결정·고시되면 이루어지는 것으로서 도시계획사업 자체가 폐지되지 않는 이상 추후 집행이 완료되더라도 실효되지 아니하므로 감경조항에서 정한 ‘지형도면의 고시가 된 토지’에는 지형도면의 고시 후 도시계획사업의 집행이 이루어지지 않은 토지는 물론 집행이 이루어진 토지도 모두 포함됨이 분명한 점 등을 종합하면 감경조항은 법문상 의미가 명확하여 해석에 다툼의 여지가 없으므로, 감경조항에서 정한 감경요건을 모두 갖추고 있는 갑 공사 소유의 토지에 대하여 감경조항을 적용하지 않은 재산세 등 부과처분은 그 하자가 중대하고 명백한데도, 감경조항의 해석에 다툼의 여지가 있음을 전제로 위 재산세 등 부과처분이 당연무효가 아니라고 본 원심판단에는 과세처분의 당연무효에 관한 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 민법 제741조 [2] 민법 제741조 [3] 민법 제741조, 구 지방세특례제한법(2012. 10. 2. 법률 제11487호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제84조 제2항, 구 국토의 계획 및 이용에 관한 법률(2012. 12. 18. 법률 제11599호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제2조 제13호, 제30조, 제32조, 구 국토의 계획 및 이용에 관한 법률 시행령(2017. 9. 19. 대통령령 제28326호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제4조 제1호
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