Open Decision Ledger · Capital markets & finance
Whether a Stock Introduction (Scalping) by a Securities Broadcasting Expert Following a Prior Purchase Constitutes a Recommendation to Purchase Securities
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, May 26, 2022, 2018Do13864 (judgment)
Case name: 자본시장과금융투자업에관한법률위반[이른바 스캘핑(scalping) 행위가 자본시장법위반죄로 기소된 사건]
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
If a guest appearing on a securities broadcast introduced a stock's outlook without any explicit expression to buy, while concealing the fact that he had purchased it in advance, does this constitute a recommendation to purchase and thus an unfair trading act under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act?
Holding
It may. A recommendation to purchase securities refers to arousing an intention to purchase by introducing the fact that a particular security is suitable for purchase, and a recommendation to purchase that does not disclose the interests of prior purchase and the possibility of sale constitutes the use of unfair means and the use of deception. The Supreme Court held, in light of the reach of the broadcast and the defendant's position, that the stock introduction constituted a recommendation to purchase.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
‘증권의 매수를 추천’한다고 함은 투자자에게 특정 증권이 매수하기에 적합하다는 사실을 소개하여 그 증권에 대한 매수 의사를 불러일으키는 것을 가리킨다.
Unofficial English translation
'Recommendation to purchase securities' refers to introducing to an investor the fact that a particular security is suitable for purchase, thereby arousing the intention to purchase that security.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
투자자에게 특정 증권이 매수하기에 적합하다는 사실을 소개하여 그 증권에 대한 매수 의사를 불러일으키는 것을 가리킨다
Unofficial English translation
refers to introducing to an investor the fact that a particular security is suitable for purchase, thereby arousing the intention to purchase that security
Factors
- 자신이 선행매수하여 보유하고 있고 추천 후에 이를 매도할 수도 있다는 증권에 관한 자신의 이해관계
- 투자자에게 객관적인 동기에서 증권을 추천한다는 인상을 주어 거래를 유인하려는 행위
- 특정 증권이 매수하기에 적합하다는 사실을 소개하여 그 증권에 대한 매수 의사를 불러일으키는 것
- 행위자가 진술 등을 한 후 취한 행동과 주가의 동향
Unofficial English translation
• the person's interest in securities that he or she has pre-purchased and holds and may sell after the recommendation
• an act intended to induce transactions by giving the investor the impression that the securities are being recommended from an objective motive
• introducing the fact that a particular security is suitable for purchase, thereby arousing the intention to purchase that security
• the conduct taken by the actor after making statements and the like, and the trend of the stock price
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2017. 3. 30. 선고 2014도6910 판결
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2014Do6910 decided March 30, 2017
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2014. 1. 16. 선고 2013도9933 판결(공2014상, 439) / [2] 대법원 2011. 10. 27. 선고 2011도8109 판결(공2011하, 2504) / [3] 대법원 2017. 3. 30. 선고 2014도6910 판결(공2017상, 930), 대법원 2017. 6. 8. 선고 2016도3411 판결
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
In the case of an Internet broadcast for paying members rather than a regular broadcast, or a text message, in which no more than the name of a stock is mentioned, what additional circumstances must be present for the act to be evaluated as a recommendation to purchase?
If Article 178 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act is amended, or if a subsequent judgment addressing the duty of disclosure of interests of providers of investment information is issued, this reading will be checked again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
5 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
In comparison with an independent reading by another AI model (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the primary reading, 5 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on the 4th axis (Form of the test), the 5th axis (Factors), and the 8th axis (Open question and revisit condition).
Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”
Because the original text sets out both the requirements for the illegality of a recommendation in which interests are not disclosed and the factors for a comprehensive determination of whether there is a recommendation to purchase, the primary reading may be read as Elements stated, and the independent reading as Circumstances weighed.
행위 전후의 여러 사정 등을 종합하여 객관적인 기준에 따라 판단해야 한다.Axis 5 (Factors): Primary “one's own interest in securities that one has purchased in advance and holds, and may sell after the recommendation / an act intended to induce trading by giving the investor the impression that the securities are being recommended from an objective motive / introducing the fact that a particular security is suitable for purchase, thereby arousing an intention to purchase that security / the conduct taken by the actor after making statements and the trend of the share price” vs Independent “the actor's position / the motive and circumstances that led the actor to make a particular statement or representation / whether it was made in good faith on a reasonable basis / the conduct taken by the actor after making statements and the trend of the share price / the various circumstances before and after the act”
The post-conduct and the share price trend overlap, but the primary reading rests primarily on the concealed interest, the inducement of trading, and the formation of the intention to purchase, whereas the independent reading rests primarily on the actor's position, the motive for the statement, and a reasonable basis.
‘증권의 매수를 추천’한다고 함은 투자자에게 특정 증권이 매수하기에 적합하다는 사실을 소개하여 그 증권에 대한 매수 의사를 불러일으키는 것을 가리킨다.Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “In the case of an Internet broadcast for paying members rather than a regular broadcast, or a text message, in which no more than the name of a stock is mentioned, what additional circumstances must be present for the act to be evaluated as a recommendation to purchase?” vs Independent “To what extent, and in what concrete content and manner, must one's personal interests be disclosed for it to be sufficient to prevent misunderstanding by the investor?”
The primary reading asks at what boundary a mention of a stock in an Internet broadcast or text message becomes a recommendation to purchase, while the independent reading asks about the sufficient content and manner of disclosure of interests.
‘증권의 매수를 추천’한다고 함은 투자자에게 특정 증권이 매수하기에 적합하다는 사실을 소개하여 그 증권에 대한 매수 의사를 불러일으키는 것을 가리킨다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below held that, in order for there to be a recommendation to purchase, one must make a statement of intention to the investor to purchase a particular security, and, holding that on the evidence submitted by the prosecution alone it is difficult to conclude that the defendant expressed to viewers through the broadcast an intention to purchase the three stocks or intended to encourage purchase, found this portion of the charged facts not guilty. The case designation of the court below does not appear in the source materials, but since a remand judgment is mentioned before the reasons, together with the not guilty determination of the court below prior to it, this court below appears to be the judgment rendered after remand.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held, in light of the fact that the defendant, concealing the fact that he had purchased in advance, introduced in a regular broadcast such factors for a rise in share price as inflows of buying, improvement in performance, and market share, and sold all of his holdings once the share price rose, that he had made a recommendation to purchase, and stated that this constituted the use of unfair means and the use of deception. As for the determinations of the court below concerning one other stock and the Internet café portion, it stated that they were upheld or could not be contested on the ground of finality, but, in respect of the single comprehensive offense relationship, reversed and remanded the entirety of the judgment of the court below.
Distinguishing conditions
- A case in which the recommender did not hold the stock in question or disclosed to the investor the fact of holding and the possibility of sale
- A case in which, in light of the reach of the broadcast or the position of the actor, it is difficult to regard the mention of the stock as capable of arousing the investor's intention to purchase
- A portion of the charged facts for which finality has arisen because the grounds for final appeal were rejected in the final appeal stage
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, check whether the time of purchase, the time of the broadcast, and the time of sale are connected in the record, and whether the mention in question went beyond a mere explanation of market conditions and introduced the suitability for purchase.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호에서 정한 ‘부정한 수단, 계획 또는 기교’의 의미와 판단 기준 [2] 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제2항에서 정한 ‘위계’의 의미 [3] 투자자문업자, 증권분석가 등이, 자신이 선행매수하여 보유하고 있고 추천 후에 이를 매도할 수도 있다는 증권에 관한 자신의 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채 증권의 매수를 추천하는 행위가 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호에서 정한 ‘부정한 수단, 계획, 기교를 사용하는 행위’에 해당하는지 여부(적극) 및 같은 조 제2항에서 정한 ‘위계의 사용’에도 해당하는지 여부(적극) / 어떠한 행위가 ‘증권의 매수 추천’에 해당하여 부정한 수단, 계획이나 기교를 사용하는 행위인지 또는 위계의 사용인지 등을 판단하는 기준
Unofficial English translation
[1] The meaning and criteria for determining 'deceitful means, schemes, or artifices' as provided in Article 178 (1) 1 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act [2] The meaning of 'deception' as provided in Article 178 (2) of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act [3] Whether an act of recommending the purchase of securities by an investment adviser, securities analyst, or the like, without indicating his or her interest in the securities that he or she has pre-purchased and holds and may sell after the recommendation, constitutes an 'act of using deceitful means, schemes, or artifices' as provided in Article 178 (1) 1 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act (affirmative), and whether it also constitutes the 'use of deception' as provided in paragraph (2) of the same Article (affirmative) / The criteria for determining whether a particular act constitutes a 'recommendation to purchase securities' using deceitful means, schemes, or artifices, or the use of deception, and the like
Summary of the holding
[1] 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호는 금융투자상품의 매매, 그 밖의 거래와 관련하여 ‘부정한 수단, 계획 또는 기교를 사용하는 행위’를 금지하고 있다. 여기서 ‘부정한 수단, 계획 또는 기교’란 사회통념상 부정하다고 인정되는 일체의 수단, 계획 또는 기교를 말한다. 어떠한 행위를 부정하다고 할지는 그 행위가 법령 등에서 금지된 것인지, 다른 투자자로 하여금 잘못된 판단을 하게 함으로써 공정한 경쟁을 해치고 선의의 투자자에게 손해를 전가하여 자본시장의 공정성, 신뢰성과 효율성을 해칠 위험이 있는지를 고려하여 판단해야 한다. [2] 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제2항은 금융투자상품의 매매, 그 밖의 거래를 할 목적이나 시세의 변동을 도모할 목적으로 ‘풍문의 유포, 위계의 사용, 폭행 또는 협박’을 하는 것을 금지하고 있다. 여기서 ‘위계’란 거래 상대방이나 불특정 투자자를 기망하여 일정한 행위를 하도록 유인할 목적의 수단, 계획, 기교 등을 뜻하고, ‘기망’이란 객관적 사실과 다른 내용의 허위사실을 내세우는 등의 방법으로 타인을 속이는 것을 뜻한다. [3] 투자자문업자, 증권분석가, 언론매체 종사자, 투자 관련 웹사이트 운영자 등이 추천하는 증권을 자신이 선행매수하여 보유하고 있고 추천 후에 이를 매도할 수도 있다는 증권에 관한 자신의 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채 증권의 매수를 추천하는 행위는 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률(이하 ‘자본시장법’이라 한다) 제178조 제1항 제1호에서 정한 ‘부정한 수단, 계획, 기교를 사용하는 행위’에 해당한다. 또한 위와 같은 행위는 투자자의 오해를 초래하지 않기 위하여 필요한 중요사항인 개인적인 이해관계의 표시를 누락함으로써 투자자에게 객관적인 동기에서 증권을 추천한다는 인상을 주어 거래를 유인하려는 행위로서 자본시장법 제178조 제2항에서 정한 ‘위계의 사용’에도 해당한다. 여기서 ‘증권의 매수를 추천’한다고 함은 투자자에게 특정 증권이 매수하기에 적합하다는 사실을 소개하여 그 증권에 대한 매수 의사를 불러일으키는 것을 가리킨다. 어떠한 행위가 ‘증권의 매수 추천’에 해당하여 부정한 수단, 계획이나 기교를 사용하는 행위인지 또는 위계의 사용인지 등은 행위자의 지위, 행위자가 특정 진술이나 표시를 하게 된 동기와 경위, 진술 등이 미래의 재무상태나 영업실적 등에 대한 예측이나 전망에 관한 사항일 때에는 합리적인 근거에 기초하여 성실하게 한 것인지, 진술 등의 내용이 거래 상대방이나 불특정 투자자에게 오인·착각을 유발할 위험이 있는지, 행위자가 진술 등을 한 후 취한 행동과 주가의 동향, 행위 전후의 여러 사정 등을 종합하여 객관적인 기준에 따라 판단해야 한다.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호, 제443조 제1항 제8호 [2] 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제2항, 제443조 제1항 제9호 [3] 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호, 제2항, 제443조 제1항 제8호, 제9호
Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
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