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Open Decision Ledger · Constitutional, administrative & state liability

Refusal of a psychiatric clinic establishment report on extra-legal grounds

Supreme Court, Oct. 25, 2018, 2018Du44302 (judgment)

Case name: 의료기관개설신고불수리처분취소

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where a person seeking to open a psychiatric clinic has met the requirements laid down in the statutes and has filed the establishment report, may the administrative agency refuse to accept it on grounds other than those requirements, and does the licensing regime for hospitals as against the reporting regime for clinics breach the constitutional principle of equality and the State's duty to protect fundamental rights?

  2. Holding

    No, and no. The Medical Act separates the licensing regime from the reporting regime by the type of medical institution in order, in principle, to exclude the agency's refusal of an establishment report on grounds beyond those the statutes provide, so that the founder can open quickly. A refusal resting only on such extra-legal grounds is unlawful. The permit regime for psychiatric hospitals and the reporting regime for psychiatric clinics reflect differences in the purpose and scale of each institution, so they are a reasonable distinction that does not breach the principle of equality, and the reporting regime does not increase the risk of a third party's unlawful harm to another's life or body, so it does not breach the duty to protect fundamental rights.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    정신과의원을 개설하려는 자가 법령에 규정되어 있는 요건을 갖추어 개설신고를 한 때에, 행정청은 원칙적으로 이를 수리하여 신고필증을 교부하여야 하고, 법령에서 정한 요건 이외의 사유를 들어 의원급 의료기관 개설신고의 수리를 거부할 수는 없다.

    Unofficial English translation

    When a person intending to open a psychiatric clinic has made an opening report meeting the requirements prescribed in statutes and subordinate statutes, the administrative agency must, in principle, accept the report and issue a certificate of receipt of the report, and may not refuse to accept the report of opening of a clinic-level medical institution on grounds other than the requirements prescribed in statutes and subordinate statutes.
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 모두 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    All appeals are dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    신고 대상인 의원급 의료기관 개설의 경우 행정청이 법령에서 정하고 있는 요건 이외의 사유를 들어 신고 수리를 반려하는 것을 원칙적으로 배제함으로써 개설 주체가 신속하게 해당 의료기관을 개설할 수 있도록 하기 위함이다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The purpose is that, in the case of the opening of a clinic-level medical institution subject to reporting, the person opening the institution may promptly open the relevant medical institution by, in principle, precluding the administrative agency from rejecting the acceptance of the report on grounds other than the requirements prescribed in statutes and subordinate statutes.
  5. Factors

    • 법령에 규정되어 있는 요건을 갖추어 개설신고를 한 때에
    • 각 의료기관의 개설 목적 및 규모 등 차이를 반영한 합리적 차별로서
    • 정신의료기관의 시설·장비의 기준과 의료인 등 종사자의 수·자격에 관하여 필요한 사항은 정신의료기관의 규모 등을 고려하여 보건복지부령으로 따로 정한다.
    • 신고제 규정으로 사인인 제3자에 의한 개인의 생명이나 신체 훼손의 위험성이 증가한다고 할 수 없어

    Unofficial English translation

    • when an opening report has been made meeting the requirements prescribed in statutes and subordinate statutes

    • as a reasonable distinction reflecting differences in the purpose and scale of each medical institution, among others

    • Matters necessary for the standards of facilities and equipment of psychiatric medical institutions and the number and qualifications of medical personnel and other workers shall be separately prescribed by Ordinance of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, in consideration of the scale of the psychiatric medical institutions, among others.

    • in that it cannot be said that the risk of damage to the life or body of an individual caused by private third parties is increased by the provisions establishing the reporting system

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2007. 10. 29. 선고 2005두14417 전원합의체 판결(공2007하, 1857)

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court en banc Decision 2005Du14417 decided October 29, 2007 (Gong 2007 Ha, 1857)

    Decisions referred to

    [2] 대법원 2007. 10. 29. 선고 2005두14417 전원합의체 판결(공2007하, 1857), 헌법재판소 2011. 2. 24. 선고 2008헌바40 전원재판부 결정(헌공173, 338)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    After an establishment report has been accepted, what procedure may the agency use if the psychiatric clinic in fact falls short of the facility, equipment or staff standards set by the Enforcement Rule?

    Any amendment to Article 33 of the Medical Act or Article 19(1) of the Mental Health Welfare Act that moved psychiatric clinics to a permit system, or a decision of the Constitutional Court on that distinction, would require this entry to be read again.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-25

A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “After an establishment report has been accepted, what procedure may the agency use if the psychiatric clinic in fact falls short of the facility, equipment or staff standards set by the Enforcement Rule?” vs Independent “What exceptional circumstances, if any, could justify departure from the principle that a legally compliant notification must be accepted?”

The primary asks how the agency may correct a shortfall in facility or staffing standards after acceptance, while the independent asks what exceptional circumstances could justify refusing acceptance.

정신과의원을 개설하려는 자가 법령에 규정되어 있는 요건을 갖추어 개설신고를 한 때에, 행정청은 원칙적으로 이를 수리하여 신고필증을 교부하여야 하고, 법령에서 정한 요건 이외의 사유를 들어 의원급 의료기관 개설신고의 수리를 거부할 수는 없다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The Busan High Court, in its judgment of 20 April 2018 (2017Nu24288), held that the plaintiff had met all the statutory requirements and filed the establishment report for a psychiatric clinic, and that the defendant nevertheless refused acceptance on grounds such as the opening being contrary to the safety and common interests of the building's unit owners, harming the building's safety, function, environment and public welfare, and being an exercise of property rights unsuitable to the public welfare. It set the refusal aside as unlawful.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court upheld the conclusion. It noted only that the lower court's remark that the plaintiff's filing was a report not requiring acceptance was inappropriate, but held that the reasoning that the defendant could not refuse acceptance on grounds not provided by statute, and that the refusal was therefore unlawful, was correct, with no misreading of the law on the requirements for accepting a psychiatric clinic establishment report. It dismissed the constitutional ground as well, holding that the permit and reporting regimes were a distinction with rational grounds and did not breach the duty to protect fundamental rights.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A report that does not satisfy the statutory requirements, such as the facility and equipment standards and the number and qualifications of staff set by Article 19(1) of the Mental Health Welfare Act and Annexes 3 and 4 of its Enforcement Rule.
  • The establishment of a general hospital, hospital, dental hospital, oriental hospital or nursing hospital, which requires the permission of the mayor or governor under Article 33(4) of the Medical Act rather than a report.
  • A psychiatric clinic where the agency refuses on a ground that the statutes do provide, since the rule excludes only grounds beyond those the statutes set.

Record verification notes

Confirm from the record that every requirement under Article 33(3) of the Medical Act and the facility and staff standards for psychiatric medical institutions was actually met, because the holding turns on that finding. Then check whether the ground the agency relied on appears anywhere in the statutes, and identify the agency precisely, since the reporting body is the mayor, county head or district mayor, not the provincial governor.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 의료법이 의료기관의 종류에 따라 허가제와 신고제를 구분하여 규정하고 있는 취지 및 정신과의원을 개설하려는 자가 법령에 규정되어 있는 요건을 갖추어 개설신고를 한 경우, 행정청이 법령에서 정한 요건 이외의 사유를 들어 의원급 의료기관 개설신고의 수리를 거부할 수 있는지 여부(소극) [2] 정신건강증진 및 정신질환자 복지서비스 지원에 관한 법률 제19조 제1항 및 의료법이 정신병원 등의 개설에 관하여는 허가제로 규정한 것과 달리 정신과의원 개설에 관하여는 신고제로 규정하고 있는 것이 헌법상 평등원칙 및 국가의 기본권 보호의무를 위반하는 것인지 여부(소극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] The purport and spirit of the Medical Service Act's distinguishing between a permission system and a reporting system according to the type of medical institution, and whether, when a person intending to open a psychiatric clinic has made an opening report meeting the requirements prescribed in statutes and subordinate statutes, the administrative agency may refuse to accept the report of opening of a clinic-level medical institution on grounds other than the requirements prescribed in statutes and subordinate statutes (negative) [2] Whether the fact that, unlike Article 19 (1) of the Act on the Promotion of Mental Health and Support for Welfare Services for Persons with Mental Disorders and the Medical Service Act, which provide for a permission system with respect to the opening of psychiatric hospitals and other institutions, the opening of a psychiatric clinic is subject to a reporting system violates the principle of equality under the Constitution and the State's duty to protect fundamental rights (negative)

Summary of the holding

[1] 정신건강증진 및 정신질환자 복지서비스 지원에 관한 법률 제19조 제1항은 "정신의료기관의 개설은 의료법에 따른다. 이 경우 의료법 제36조에도 불구하고 정신의료기관의 시설·장비의 기준과 의료인 등 종사자의 수·자격에 관하여 필요한 사항은 정신의료기관의 규모 등을 고려하여 보건복지부령으로 따로 정한다."라고 규정하고 있다. 위 후단 규정의 위임에 따라, 같은 법 시행규칙 [별표 3], [별표 4]는 정신의료기관에 관하여 시설·장비의 기준과 의료인 등 종사자의 수·자격 기준을 구체적으로 규정하고 있다. 한편 의료법은 의료기관의 개설 주체가 의원·치과의원·한의원 또는 조산원을 개설하려고 하는 경우에는 시장·군수·구청장에게 신고하도록 규정하고 있지만(제33조 제3항), 종합병원·병원·치과병원·한방병원 또는 요양병원을 개설하려고 하는 경우에는 시·도지사의 허가를 받도록 규정하고 있다(제33조 제4항). 이와 같이 의료법이 의료기관의 종류에 따라 허가제와 신고제를 구분하여 규정하고 있는 취지는, 신고 대상인 의원급 의료기관 개설의 경우 행정청이 법령에서 정하고 있는 요건 이외의 사유를 들어 신고 수리를 반려하는 것을 원칙적으로 배제함으로써 개설 주체가 신속하게 해당 의료기관을 개설할 수 있도록 하기 위함이다. 앞서 본 관련 법령의 내용과 이러한 신고제의 취지를 종합하면, 정신과의원을 개설하려는 자가 법령에 규정되어 있는 요건을 갖추어 개설신고를 한 때에, 행정청은 원칙적으로 이를 수리하여 신고필증을 교부하여야 하고, 법령에서 정한 요건 이외의 사유를 들어 의원급 의료기관 개설신고의 수리를 거부할 수는 없다. [2] 헌법상 평등원칙은 본질적으로 같은 것을 자의적으로 다르게 취급함을 금지하는 것으로서, 일체의 차별적 대우를 부정하는 절대적 평등을 뜻하는 것이 아니라 입법을 하고 법을 적용할 때에 합리적인 근거가 없는 차별을 하여서는 아니 된다는 상대적 평등을 뜻하므로, 합리적 근거가 있는 차별 또는 불평등은 평등의 원칙에 반하지 아니한다. 또한 헌법상 기본권 보호의무란 기본권적 법익을 기본권 주체인 사인에 의한 위법한 침해 또는 침해의 위험으로부터 보호하여야 하는 국가의 의무를 말하며, 주로 사인인 제3자에 의한 개인의 생명이나 신체의 훼손에서 문제 되는 것이다. 이러한 법리에 비추어 살펴보면, 관련 법령이 정신병원 등의 개설에 관하여는 허가제로, 정신과의원 개설에 관하여는 신고제로 각 규정하고 있는 것은 각 의료기관의 개설 목적 및 규모 등 차이를 반영한 합리적 차별로서 평등의 원칙에 반한다고 볼 수 없다. 또한 신고제 규정으로 사인인 제3자에 의한 개인의 생명이나 신체 훼손의 위험성이 증가한다고 할 수 없어 기본권 보호의무에 위반된다고 볼 수도 없다.

Order

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용 중 보조참가로 인한 부분은 피고보조참가인들이, 나머지 부분은 피고가 각 부담한다.

Unofficial English translation

All appeals are dismissed. As to the portion of the costs of the final appeal attributable to the auxiliary intervention, the auxiliary intervenors for the defendant shall bear them, and as to the remaining portion, the defendant shall bear them.

Provisions referred to

[1] 정신건강증진 및 정신질환자 복지서비스 지원에 관한 법률 제19조 제1항, 정신건강증진 및 정신질환자 복지서비스 지원에 관한 법률 시행규칙 제11조 제1항 [별표 3], 제2항 [별표 4], 의료법 제33조 제3항, 제4항 [2] 헌법 제10조, 제11조 제1항, 정신건강증진 및 정신질환자 복지서비스 지원에 관한 법률 제19조 제1항, 의료법 제33조 제3항, 제4항

Read 2026-10-25 · Cross-read 2026-10-25. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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