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Open Decision Ledger · Criminal & investigative procedure

The Seizure Record's 'Circumstances of Seizure' Field for a Cell Phone Voluntarily Surrendered at the Scene of a Warrantless Arrest of an Offender Caught in the Act, and Corroborating Evidence of a Confession

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Nov. 14, 2019, 2019Do13290 (judgment)

Case name: 성폭력범죄의처벌등에관한특례법위반(카메라등이용촬영)(피고인이 휴대전화기의 카메라로 피해자를 몰래 촬영한 현장에서 현행범으로 체포되면서 위 휴대전화기를 수사기관에 임의제출한 사안에서, 피고인의 자백을 보강할 증거가 있는지 여부가 쟁점이 된 사건)

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    If the 'circumstances of seizure' field of a seizure record prepared at the time of the arrest of an offender caught in the act contains the details of the offense as directly witnessed by a police officer, may it serve as corroborating evidence of the defendant's confession, independently of the lawfulness of the voluntary surrender?

  2. Holding

    The entry in the 'circumstances of seizure' field contains the statement of a person who directly witnessed the offense, and is on a par with a written statement prepared during the investigation by someone other than the defendant; it is independent evidence that is not affected by the lawfulness of the voluntary surrender procedure. Accordingly, if consent to admit evidence is given, there is ample room for it to serve as corroborating evidence. Moreover, even at the scene of the arrest of an offender caught in the act, voluntarily surrendered items may be seized without a warrant, and no subsequent warrant is required.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    피고인이 범행을 저지르는 현장을 직접 목격한 사람의 진술이 담긴 것으로서 형사소송법 제312조 제5항에서 정한 ‘피고인이 아닌 자가 수사과정에서 작성한 진술서’에 준하는 것으로 볼 수 있고

    Unofficial English translation

    is contained in the statement of a person who directly witnessed the scene where the defendant committed the offense, and thus may be regarded as equivalent to a "written statement prepared during the investigation by a person other than the defendant" as provided in Article 312, paragraph (5) of the Criminal Procedure Act, and
  3. Disposition

    Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결 중 원심 판시 별지 범죄일람표 연번 18번에 관한 성폭력범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 특례법 위반(카메라등이용촬영) 부분을 파기하고

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed as to the part concerning the violation of the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual Crimes (Filming by Camera, etc.) under serial number 18 in the Table of Crimes annexed to and found by the court below, and
  4. Form of the test

    Existing test applied Stated in the decision

    피고인의 자백을 보강하는 증거가 된다고 볼 여지가 많다는 이유로

    Unofficial English translation

    on the ground that there is much room to regard it as evidence corroborating the defendant's confession,
  5. Factors

    • 피고인의 범행을 직접 목격하면서 위 압수조서를 작성한 사법경찰관 및 사법경찰리의 각 기명날인이 들어가 있으므로
    • 휴대전화기에 대한 임의제출절차가 적법하였는지에 영향을 받지 않는 별개의 독립적인 증거에 해당하여
    • 피고인이 증거로 함에 동의한 이상
    • 검사나 사법경찰관은 별도로 사후에 영장을 받을 필요가 없다

    Unofficial English translation

    • since the seizure record bears the affixed names and seals of the judicial police officers and judicial police agents who prepared the said seizure record while directly witnessing the defendant's offense,

    • constituting separate and independent evidence that is not affected by whether the voluntary submission procedure for the mobile phone was lawful,

    • provided that the defendant consented to its admission into evidence,

    • the prosecutor or a judicial police officer has no need to separately obtain a warrant thereafter

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2016. 2. 18. 선고 2015도13726 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2015Do13726 decided February 18, 2016

    Decisions referred to

    [2] 대법원 2016. 2. 18. 선고 2015도13726 판결

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    Even where the defendant does not consent to the seizure record being used as evidence, may the entry in the 'circumstances of seizure' field be used as corroborating evidence in the same manner, through the preparer's testimony in court or otherwise?

    If the rule requiring corroboration of confessions, or Article 312 paragraph (5) or Article 218 of the Criminal Procedure Act, is amended, we will re-examine this reading.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

8 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

As compared with an independent reading by a different family of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the initial reading, all 8 axes matched.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below (Uijeongbu District Court, Case No. 2018No2757) held that, although seizure of voluntarily surrendered items is possible at the scene of the arrest of an offender caught in the act, the surrender must be voluntary; it appeared that there had been no awareness on the part of the defendant as to the procedure and effect of the voluntary surrender and no notification by the police officer, and the prosecution had offered no proof to exclude this. On that basis it treated the cell phone and the data stored therein as illegally obtained evidence. As a result, it reversed the first-instance judgment, which had found the defendant guilty of the charge item numbered 18 on the ground that there was no corroborating evidence other than the confession, and pronounced the defendant not guilty; it also held the defendant not guilty of the charge items numbered 1 through 17, finding that the crime had not been proved.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court, noting that the defendant confessed and consented to all documents submitted by the prosecution as evidence, and that the 'circumstances of seizure' field of the seizure record contained the act of filming as directly witnessed by an undercover police officer as well as the preparer's signature and seal, found that this had ample potential to serve as independent corroborating evidence, and reversed the disposition as to the part concerning the charge item numbered 18. The Court pointed out that the portion of the court below's holding to the effect that, at the scene of the arrest of an offender caught in the act, even voluntarily surrendered items may not be seized was erroneous, but accepted the conclusion of not guilty as to the charge items numbered 1 through 17 and dismissed the remainder of the prosecution's final appeal.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where the defendant does not consent to the seizure record being used as evidence
  • Where the preparer of the seizure record did not directly witness the offense but recorded matters heard from others
  • Where the seizure record only sets out the circumstances of the seizure and does not contain specific details of what was witnessed at the scene of the offense

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, it is necessary to check whether the seizure record bears the signature and seal of the preparer, who is the witness, and whether the entry specifies in concrete terms the date, time, place, and act of the offense.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 피고인이 지하철역 에스컬레이터에서 휴대전화기의 카메라를 이용하여 성명불상 여성 피해자의 치마 속을 몰래 촬영하다가 현행범으로 체포되어 성폭력범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 특례법 위반(카메라등이용촬영)으로 기소된 사안에서, 체포 당시 임의제출 방식으로 압수된 피고인 소유 휴대전화기에 대한 압수조서 중 ‘압수경위’란에 기재된 내용은 피고인이 범행을 저지르는 현장을 직접 목격한 사람의 진술이 담긴 것으로서 형사소송법 제312조 제5항에서 정한 ‘피고인이 아닌 자가 수사과정에서 작성한 진술서’에 준하는 것으로 볼 수 있고, 이에 따라 휴대전화기에 대한 임의제출절차가 적법하였는지에 영향을 받지 않는 별개의 독립적인 증거에 해당한다고 한 사례 [2] 현행범 체포현장이나 범죄 현장에서 소지자 등이 임의로 제출하는 물건을 형사소송법 제218조에 의하여 영장 없이 압수할 수 있는지 여부(적극) 및 이때 검사나 사법경찰관은 별도로 사후에 영장을 받아야 하는지 여부(소극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] In a case where the defendant was arrested as a flagrant offender after secretly filming under the skirt of an unidentified female victim by using the camera of a mobile phone on a subway station escalator, and was prosecuted for violation of the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual Crimes (Filming by Camera, etc.), a case in which it was held that the content entered in the "Circumstances of Seizure" column of the seizure record concerning the mobile phone owned by the defendant, which was seized at the time of arrest by way of voluntary submission, is contained in the statement of a person who directly witnessed the scene where the defendant committed the offense, and thus may be regarded as equivalent to a "written statement prepared during the investigation by a person other than the defendant" as provided in Article 312, paragraph (5) of the Criminal Procedure Act, and accordingly constitutes separate and independent evidence that is not affected by whether the voluntary submission procedure for the mobile phone was lawful [2] Whether articles voluntarily submitted by a possessor or the like at the scene of a flagrant arrest or at the crime scene may be seized without a warrant pursuant to Article 218 of the Criminal Procedure Act (affirmative), and whether the prosecutor or a judicial police officer must separately obtain a warrant thereafter (negative)

Summary of the holding

[1] 피고인이 지하철역 에스컬레이터에서 휴대전화기의 카메라를 이용하여 성명불상 여성 피해자의 치마 속을 몰래 촬영하다가 현행범으로 체포되어 성폭력범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 특례법 위반(카메라등이용촬영)으로 기소된 사안에서, 피고인은 공소사실에 대해 자백하고 검사가 제출한 모든 서류에 대하여 증거로 함에 동의하였는데, 그 서류들 중 체포 당시 임의제출 방식으로 압수된 피고인 소유 휴대전화기(이하 ‘휴대전화기’라고 한다)에 대한 압수조서의 ‘압수경위’란에 ‘지하철역 승강장 및 게이트 앞에서 경찰관이 지하철범죄 예방·검거를 위한 비노출 잠복근무 중 검정 재킷, 검정 바지, 흰색 운동화를 착용한 20대가량 남성이 짧은 치마를 입고 에스컬레이터를 올라가는 여성을 쫓아가 뒤에 밀착하여 치마 속으로 휴대폰을 집어넣는 등 해당 여성의 신체를 몰래 촬영하는 행동을 하였다’는 내용이 포함되어 있고, 그 하단에 피고인의 범행을 직접 목격하면서 위 압수조서를 작성한 사법경찰관 및 사법경찰리의 각 기명날인이 들어가 있으므로, 위 압수조서 중 ‘압수경위’란에 기재된 내용은 피고인이 범행을 저지르는 현장을 직접 목격한 사람의 진술이 담긴 것으로서 형사소송법 제312조 제5항에서 정한 ‘피고인이 아닌 자가 수사과정에서 작성한 진술서’에 준하는 것으로 볼 수 있고, 이에 따라 휴대전화기에 대한 임의제출절차가 적법하였는지에 영향을 받지 않는 별개의 독립적인 증거에 해당하여, 피고인이 증거로 함에 동의한 이상 유죄를 인정하기 위한 증거로 사용할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 피고인의 자백을 보강하는 증거가 된다고 볼 여지가 많다는 이유로, 이와 달리 피고인의 자백을 뒷받침할 보강증거가 없다고 보아 무죄를 선고한 원심판결에 자백의 보강증거 등에 관한 법리를 오해하거나 필요한 심리를 다하지 아니한 잘못이 있다고 한 사례. [2] 범죄를 실행 중이거나 실행 직후의 현행범인은 누구든지 영장 없이 체포할 수 있고(형사소송법 제212조), 검사 또는 사법경찰관은 피의자 등이 유류한 물건이나 소유자·소지자 또는 보관자가 임의로 제출한 물건은 영장 없이 압수할 수 있으므로(제218조), 현행범 체포현장이나 범죄 현장에서도 소지자 등이 임의로 제출하는 물건은 형사소송법 제218조에 의하여 영장 없이 압수하는 것이 허용되고, 이 경우 검사나 사법경찰관은 별도로 사후에 영장을 받을 필요가 없다.

Order

원심판결 중 원심 판시 별지 범죄일람표 연번 18번에 관한 성폭력범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 특례법 위반(카메라등이용촬영) 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 의정부지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다. 나머지 상고를 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed as to the part concerning the violation of the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual Crimes (Filming by Camera, etc.) under serial number 18 in the Table of Crimes annexed to and found by the court below, and this part of the case is remanded to the collegiate panel of the main courthouse of Uijeongbu District Court. The remainder of the final appeal is dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 구 성폭력범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 특례법(2018. 12. 18. 법률 제15977호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제14조 제1항, 형사소송법 제310조, 제312조 제5항, 제318조 [2] 형사소송법 제212조, 제218조

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

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