Open Decision Ledger · Labour & industrial accidents
Causation for a second disaster after a work-related first disaster
Supreme Court, May 28, 2020, 2019Du62604 (judgment)
Case name: 유족급여및장의비부지급처분취소[산업재해보상보험법상 상당인과관계 인정 여부 사건]
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
For a death to count as a death from a work-related cause under Article 5(i) of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act, how is the causal link between the work and the disease assessed, and may a second disaster be treated as an industrial accident once the first disaster was one?
Holding
A causal link is required, but it need not be proved clear in medical or natural science terms; it is enough that the circumstances make a substantial causal link between the work and the disease inferable. Even where the main cause of the disease has no direct connection to the work, the link exists if occupational overwork or stress overlapped with that main cause and induced or aggravated the disease, and the same applies where a pre-existing disease that had allowed normal work was sharply aggravated beyond its natural course as a result of job overload or the like. The link is judged by the health and physical condition of the worker concerned, not by an average person, and for a second disaster the focus falls on whether the first disaster was an industrial accident and whether the worker was objectively in a state of overwork at the time of the first disaster.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
1차 재해가 업무와 상당인과관계 있는 업무상 재해에 해당한다면, 그 후에 발생한 2차 재해는 1차 재해가 자연발생적으로 악화되어 발생될 가능성이 크고, 만약 사정이 그러하다면 2차 재해도 업무에 기인한 업무상 재해라고 볼 여지가 충분하다.
Unofficial English translation
If the primary accident constitutes a work-related accident that has adequate causation (proximate cause) with the work, the secondary accident that subsequently occurs is highly likely to have arisen as a natural deterioration of the primary accident, and if the circumstances are such, there is sufficient room to regard the secondary accident also as a work-related accident attributable to the work.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
그 인과관계는 반드시 의학적·자연과학적으로 명백히 증명하여야 하는 것은 아니고 제반 사정을 고려할 때 업무와 질병 사이에 상당인과관계가 있다고 추단되는 경우에도 증명이 있다고 보아야 하며
Unofficial English translation
such causation need not necessarily be proven clearly in medical or natural scientific terms, and even where it may be inferred that there is adequate causation (proximate cause) between the work and the disease upon consideration of all circumstances, there shall be deemed to be proof, and
Factors
- 적어도 업무상의 과로나 스트레스가 질병의 주된 발생원인에 겹쳐서 질병을 유발 또는 악화시켰다면
- 기초 질병이나 기존 질병이 직무의 과중 등이 원인이 되어 자연적인 진행속도 이상으로 급격하게 악화된 때에도 증명이 있는 경우에 포함된다
- 업무와 질병 또는 사망과의 인과관계 유무는 보통 평균인이 아니라 당해 근로자의 건강과 신체조건을 기준으로 판단하여야 한다
- 1차 재해 당시에 망인이 객관적 과로 상태에 있었는지 여부에 초점을 맞추어야 한다
Unofficial English translation
• if at least occupational fatigue or stress overlapped with the principal cause of the disease and caused or aggravated the disease,
• it also includes cases where proof is adduced that a pre-existing or underlying disease was rapidly aggravated at a pace exceeding its natural progression due to causes such as an excessive workload,
• Whether there is causation between the work and the disease or death must be determined on the basis of the health and physical condition of the employee in question, not those of an ordinary average person,
• Focus must be placed on whether the deceased was in a state of objective overwork at the time of the primary accident.
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 1996. 1. 26. 선고 95누14282 판결(공1996상, 810)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 95Nu14282 decided January 26, 1996 (Gong 1996 Sang, 810)
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2018. 5. 15. 선고 2018두32125 판결 / [2] 대법원 1996. 1. 26. 선고 95누14282 판결(공1996상, 810)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
After a first disaster followed by some rest, how much rest and recuperation must a worker have had before a later death can no longer be linked to the work?
The remand judgment of the Seoul High Court will show how the first-disaster and objective-overwork tests are applied to this record. Any change to Article 5(i) or Article 37(1) of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act, or a replacement of the 2017 notice on recognizing cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases, would require this entry to be read again, as would a later Supreme Court decision revising the substantial causation standard.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-25
A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 6 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 4 (form of the test), axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).
Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Existing test applied”
Neither reading states a burden of proof, since the holding does not address who must prove causation, so the axis difference does not show up in the content of the two readings.
1차 재해가 업무상 재해에 해당한다는 점을 간과한 채, 1차 재해 발생 후 2주간 충분한 휴식을 취하여 2차 재해 발생 당시에는 망인이 객관적 과로 상태가 아니었다는 전제Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “After a first disaster followed by some rest, how much rest and recuperation must a worker have had before a later death can no longer be linked to the work?” vs Independent “What intervening medical or non-work-related circumstances would sever the causal connection between the first occupational incident and the later death?”
The primary reading asks how much rest and recuperation breaks the link between the two incidents, while the independent reading asks which intervening medical or non-work circumstances sever the causal chain. These are different points.
1차 재해가 업무와 상당인과관계 있는 업무상 재해에 해당한다면, 그 후에 발생한 2차 재해는 1차 재해가 자연발생적으로 악화되어 발생될 가능성이 크고, 만약 사정이 그러하다면 2차 재해도 업무에 기인한 업무상 재해라고 볼 여지가 충분하다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Seoul High Court, in its judgment of 26 November 2019 (2019Nu37471), rejected the claim for survivors' allowance and funeral expenses. It held that adequate rest was taken for two weeks after the first disaster, so the deceased was not objectively in a state of overwork when the second disaster occurred, and that no substantial causal link could be recognised between his work and the disease that caused his death.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the court below overlooked that the first disaster was an industrial accident with a substantial causal link to the work, and decided the case on the premise that the deceased had rested enough and was not overworked at the time of the second disaster. It found that the deceased, aged 62 with cardiovascular disease, had accumulated physical and mental strain through long hours and long-term alternating day and night shifts over seven years and eight months, was exposed to winter cold while working outdoors on the day of the first disaster, and had not rested properly after it before resuming night work. On that record the existing disease was likely to have been sharply aggravated beyond its natural course, and the reasoning below misstated the law on substantial causation for an industrial accident and failed to examine what was needed, so the judgment was reversed and remanded by unanimous agreement.
Distinguishing conditions
- A case in which the first disaster is not an industrial accident bearing a substantial causal link to the work, since the Court's approach to the second disaster rests on that first finding.
- A case in which the main cause of the disease has no direct connection to the work and no occupational overwork or stress overlapped with that cause to induce or aggravate the disease.
- A case in which a pre-existing disease amenable to normal work had not been sharply aggravated beyond its natural progression by job overload or the like, since that aggravation is one route to finding proof of the link.
Record verification notes
Set the file against the Court's own reasoning: first, whether the first disaster has been recognised as an industrial accident, since the second-disaster analysis begins there. Then gather the worker's own age, pre-existing conditions, daily and weekly hours, the length of the alternating shift pattern, the weather on the onset day, and what rest was actually taken afterwards, because the link is judged by that worker's health and physical conditions rather than those of an average person. The decision applied the Ministry of Employment and Labor notice of 29 December 2017 (Notice No. 2017-117), so confirm which version governs.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 산업재해보상보험법 제5조 제1호에서 정한 ‘업무상의 사유에 따른 사망’으로 인정하기 위한 업무와 사망의 원인이 된 질병 사이의 인과관계를 판단하는 방법 및 그 인과관계에 관한 증명의 정도 / 업무와 질병 또는 사망과의 인과관계 유무 판단의 기준이 되는 자(=당해 근로자) [2] 근로자에게 발생한 1차 재해가 업무와 상당인과관계 있는 업무상 재해에 해당하는 경우, 그 후에 발생한 2차 재해도 업무상 재해로 볼 수 있는지 여부 및 2차 재해가 업무상 재해에 해당하는지 판단하는 방법 [3] PVC 파이프를 포장하여 상하차하는 업무를 수행하면서 주야간 교대 근무를 하던 갑이 주간근무를 마친 후 숙소에서 휴식 중 심혈관 흉통으로 중증도 호흡곤란 증세를 보여 병원에 후송되어(1차 재해) 협심증 의심 진단을 받고 집에서 11일간 요양한 후 다시 출근하였다가 야간근무를 하기 직전 기숙사 내 화장실에서 쓰러져 있는 상태로 발견되어 병원으로 후송되었으나 사망한(2차 재해) 사안에서, 망인의 업무와 사망의 원인이 된 질병 사이에 상당인과관계를 인정하기 어렵다고 본 원심판단에 법리오해 등의 위법이 있다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] The method of determining the causation between the work and the disease that caused the death in order to recognize 'a death arising from a cause attributable to work' as provided in Article 5, subparagraph 1 of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act, and the degree of proof required as to such causation / The person (= the employee in question) whose health serves as the standard for determining whether there is causation between the work and the disease or death [2] Whether, where the primary accident sustained by an employee constitutes a work-related accident that has adequate causation (proximate cause) with the work, the secondary accident that subsequently occurs may also be regarded as a work-related accident, and the method of determining whether the secondary accident constitutes a work-related accident [3] A case in which A, who performed the work of packing and loading and unloading PVC pipes on alternating day and night shifts, while resting at his lodgings after finishing his day shift, showed symptoms of moderate-to-severe dyspnea due to cardiovascular chest pain and was transferred to a hospital (the primary accident), was diagnosed with suspected angina pectoris, recuperated at home for 11 days, returned to work, and was found collapsed in the restroom of the dormitory just before beginning his night shift and was transferred to a hospital but died (the secondary accident), in which the determination of the court below, to the effect that it is difficult to find adequate causation (proximate cause) between the deceased's work and the disease that caused the death, was held to involve a misapprehension of legal principles or other unlawful error
Summary of the holding
[1] 산업재해보상보험법 제5조 제1호에서 정한 ‘업무상의 사유에 따른 사망’으로 인정하려면 업무와 사망의 원인이 된 질병 사이에 인과관계가 있어야 한다. 하지만 질병의 주된 발생원인이 업무수행과 직접적인 관계가 없더라도, 적어도 업무상의 과로나 스트레스가 질병의 주된 발생원인에 겹쳐서 질병을 유발 또는 악화시켰다면 그 사이에 인과관계가 있다고 보아야 한다. 그 인과관계는 반드시 의학적·자연과학적으로 명백히 증명하여야 하는 것은 아니고 제반 사정을 고려할 때 업무와 질병 사이에 상당인과관계가 있다고 추단되는 경우에도 증명이 있다고 보아야 하며, 또한 평소에 정상적인 근무가 가능한 기초 질병이나 기존 질병이 직무의 과중 등이 원인이 되어 자연적인 진행속도 이상으로 급격하게 악화된 때에도 증명이 있는 경우에 포함된다. 업무와 질병 또는 사망과의 인과관계 유무는 보통 평균인이 아니라 당해 근로자의 건강과 신체조건을 기준으로 판단하여야 한다. [2] 1차 재해가 업무와 상당인과관계 있는 업무상 재해에 해당한다면, 그 후에 발생한 2차 재해는 1차 재해가 자연발생적으로 악화되어 발생될 가능성이 크고, 만약 사정이 그러하다면 2차 재해도 업무에 기인한 업무상 재해라고 볼 여지가 충분하다. 따라서 2차 재해가 업무상 재해에 해당하는지 여부를 판단할 때에는 1차 재해가 업무상 재해에 해당하는지, 1차 재해 당시에 망인이 객관적 과로 상태에 있었는지 여부에 초점을 맞추어야 한다. [3] PVC 파이프(10 내지 30kg)를 포장하여 상하차하는 업무를 수행하면서 주야간 교대 근무를 하던 갑이 주간근무를 마친 후 숙소에서 휴식 중 심혈관 흉통으로 중증도 호흡곤란 증세를 보여 병원에 후송되어(1차 재해) 협심증 의심 진단을 받고 집에서 11일간 요양한 후 다시 출근하였다가 야간근무를 하기 직전 기숙사 내 화장실에서 쓰러져 있는 상태로 발견되어 병원으로 후송되었으나 사망한(2차 재해) 사안에서, 망인은 1차 재해 발병 당시 만 62세의 고령으로 심혈관질환을 가진 상태에서 장시간 근로와 장기간의 주야간 교대제 근무로 육체적·정신적 과로가 누적되었고, 1차 재해일에 야외 작업을 하면서 겨울철의 추위에 노출된 점도 영향을 미쳐 기존 질환이 자연적인 진행속도 이상으로 급격하게 악화되어 1차 재해가 발생한 것으로 볼 여지가 크고, 1차 재해 이후에도 경제적 형편 등으로 제대로 요양을 하지 못한 상태에서 다시 야간근무를 시작하였다가 2차 재해가 발생하여 사망에 이른 것으로 보이는데도, 1차 재해가 업무상 재해에 해당한다는 점을 간과한 채, 1차 재해 발생 후 2주간 충분한 휴식을 취하여 2차 재해 발생 당시에는 망인이 객관적 과로 상태가 아니었다는 전제에서 망인의 업무와 사망의 원인이 된 질병 사이에 상당인과관계를 인정하기 어렵다고 본 원심판단에 업무상 재해의 상당인과관계에 관한 법리오해 등의 위법이 있다고 한 사례.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 산업재해보상보험법 제5조 제1호, 제37조 제1항 [2] 산업재해보상보험법 제5조 제1호, 제37조 제1항 [3] 산업재해보상보험법 제5조 제1호, 제37조 제1항
Read 2026-10-25 · Cross-read 2026-10-25. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
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