Open Decision Ledger · Civil procedure & enforcement
Legitimacy of an action seeking confirmation of ownership of unregistered land against the State, brought through subrogation on behalf of an owner of record who is deceased or cannot be identified
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, July 21, 2021, 2020Da300893 (judgment)
Case name: 소유권이전등기
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Where the person named as owner in the land register cannot be identified and appears to be deceased, may confirmation of ownership of unregistered land be sought against the State through subrogation on that person's behalf?
Holding
If the debtor whose right is subrogated is not a real person or is a deceased person, no claim to be preserved can be recognized, so that creditor's subrogation lawsuit lacks party standing and is not properly brought. In addition, where the owner named in the register cannot be identified, even if a judgment confirming ownership is obtained, a preservation registration of ownership cannot be made, and therefore there is no interest in seeking confirmation against the State; the interest in confirmation (standing for declaratory judgment) must be determined ex officio (by the court's own authority).
Summary of the holding, verbatim
피대위자인 채무자가 실존인물이 아니거나 사망한 사람인 경우 역시 피보전채권인 채권자의 채무자에 대한 권리를 인정할 수 없는 경우에 해당하므로 그러한 채권자대위소송은 당사자적격이 없어 부적법하다.
Unofficial English translation
Where the debtor, who is the person whose right is to be exercised by subrogation, is not a real person or is a deceased person, this likewise falls under a case in which the creditor's rights against the debtor, which constitute the claim to be preserved, cannot be recognized, and accordingly such a creditor subrogation action is improper for lack of party standing.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 대전지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Daejeon District Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
특별한 사정이 있는 경우에 한하여 그 확인의 이익이 있다.
Unofficial English translation
There is an interest in confirmation only where there are special circumstances.
Factors
- 피대위자인 채무자가 실존인물이 아니거나 사망한 사람인 경우
- 토지대장이나 임야대장상에 등록명의자가 없거나 등록명의자가 누구인지 알 수 없을 때
- 소유자 명의인 표시란에 구체적 주소나 인적사항에 관한 기재가 없어서 그 명의인을 특정할 수 없는 경우
- 확인의 이익의 유무는 직권조사사항이므로
Unofficial English translation
• Where the debtor, who is the person whose right is to be exercised by subrogation, is not a real person or is a deceased person
• Where no registered owner appears in the land register or the forest land register, or where it cannot be known who the registered owner is
• Where the entry for the name of the owner in the owner's name column contains no specific address or personal information so that the person named therein cannot be identified
• Since the presence or absence of an interest in confirmation is a matter to be investigated ex officio,
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 1994. 6. 24. 선고 94다14339 판결(공1994하, 2077)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 94Da14339 decided June 24, 1994 (Gong 1994 Ha, 2077)
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 1994. 6. 24. 선고 94다14339 판결(공1994하, 2077) / [2] 대법원 1994. 3. 11. 선고 93다57704 판결(공1994상, 1187) / [4] 대법원 2006. 3. 9. 선고 2005다60239 판결(공2006상, 589)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Through what procedure may a person who has long managed unregistered land whose owner of record cannot be identified reach a preservation registration of ownership?
If the requirements for applying for preservation registration under Article 65 of the Registration of Real Estate Act or Article 46 of the Rules on Registration of Real Estate are changed, this reading will be checked again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
Compared with an independent reading by another AI of a different lineage (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 7 of the 8 axes matched, and the readings diverged on the eighth axis (Open question and revisit condition).
Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Through what procedure may a person who has long managed unregistered land whose owner of record cannot be identified reach a preservation registration of ownership?” vs Independent “What degree of materials is needed to identify an owner of record, for whom no address or personal details are entered in the register, by means of other materials?”
The first reading asks about the procedure by which a long-term manager reaches a preservation registration of ownership, whereas the independent reading asks about the degree of materials needed to identify the owner of record.
피대위자인 채무자가 실존인물이 아니거나 사망한 사람인 경우 역시 피보전채권인 채권자의 채무자에 대한 권리를 인정할 수 없는 경우에 해당하므로 그러한 채권자대위소송은 당사자적격이 없어 부적법하다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below found that the co-defendant of the first instance, whose right is subrogated, was allotted this forest land around May 1912 and was entered as the owner in the land register, but that only his address was briefly noted and there was no entry by which his identity could be known. It then held that it is difficult to conclude categorically that he had died, and that if he had died, the plaintiff may be construed as having subrogated the heirs, and thus rejected the defendant's objection that the action was not properly brought, proceeded to the merits, and dismissed the appeal of the defendant, the State of Korea.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that, because the plaintiff himself acknowledged the death of the person whose right is subrogated while not replacing that person, the subrogation lawsuit lacks party standing, and that, because that person cannot be identified, a preservation registration cannot be completed even by a final and conclusive judgment, so there is no legal interest in seeking confirmation of ownership against the State either. It held further that no interest can be recognized in seeking confirmation of the ownership of unidentified heirs, and reversed and remanded the judgment of the court below.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the personal details of the person whose right is subrogated are identified and that person is confirmed to be alive, or where heirs have been identified and the person whose right is subrogated has been replaced
- Where there are special circumstances, such as the State denying the ownership of a third party who is the registered owner while continuing to assert ownership by the State
- Where the address and personal details of the owner named in the register are entered so that an application for preservation registration can be filed on the basis of a final and conclusive judgment
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, check whether identifying information such as the address or date of birth of the owner named in the register is in fact absent, and whether the plaintiff could have identified the heirs during the lawsuit and replaced the person whose right is subrogated.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 채권자대위소송에서 피대위자인 채무자가 실존인물이 아니거나 사망한 사람인 경우, 소가 적법한지 여부(소극) [2] 국가를 상대로 한 토지소유권확인청구가 확인의 이익이 있는 경우 [3] 미등기토지에 대하여 토지대장이나 임야대장의 소유자 명의인 표시란에 구체적 주소나 인적사항에 관한 기재가 없어서 그 명의인을 특정할 수 없는 경우, 소유명의인의 채권자가 국가를 상대로 소유명의인을 대위하여 소유권확인의 확정판결을 받았다면 그 판결을 특정인이 위 토지의 소유자임을 증명하는 확정판결이라고 볼 수 있는지 여부(소극) [4] 확인의 소에서 확인의 이익의 유무가 직권조사사항인지 여부(적극)
Unofficial English translation
[1] In a creditor subrogation action, where the debtor, who is the person whose right is to be exercised by subrogation, is not a real person or is a deceased person, whether the action is properly brought (negative) [2] Where a claim for confirmation of land ownership against the State is one in which there is an interest in confirmation [3] Where, with respect to unregistered land, the entry for the name of the owner in the owner's name column of the land register or the forest land register contains no specific address or personal information so that the person named therein cannot be identified, if a creditor of the person named as owner has obtained a final and conclusive judgment confirming ownership by exercising, by subrogation, the rights of the person named as owner against the State, whether such judgment can be regarded as a final and conclusive judgment proving that a specific person is the owner of the land (negative) [4] Whether the presence or absence of an interest in confirmation in an action for confirmation is a matter to be investigated ex officio (affirmative)
Summary of the holding
[1] 채권자대위소송에서 대위에 의하여 보전될 채권자의 채무자에 대한 권리가 인정되지 아니할 경우에는 채권자가 스스로 원고가 되어 채무자의 제3채무자에 대한 권리를 행사할 당사자적격이 없게 되므로 그 대위소송은 부적법하여 각하할 것인바, 피대위자인 채무자가 실존인물이 아니거나 사망한 사람인 경우 역시 피보전채권인 채권자의 채무자에 대한 권리를 인정할 수 없는 경우에 해당하므로 그러한 채권자대위소송은 당사자적격이 없어 부적법하다. [2] 국가를 상대로 한 토지소유권확인청구는 어느 토지가 미등기이고, 토지대장이나 임야대장상에 등록명의자가 없거나 등록명의자가 누구인지 알 수 없을 때와 그 밖에 국가가 등록명의자인 제3자의 소유를 부인하면서 계속 국가 소유를 주장하는 등 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에 한하여 그 확인의 이익이 있다. [3] 부동산등기법 제65조 제2호는 확정판결에 의하여 자기의 소유권을 증명하는 자는 미등기의 토지에 관한 소유권보존등기를 신청할 수 있는 것으로 규정하고 있고, 부동산등기규칙 제46조 제1항 제6호는 보존등기 신청 시 등기권리자의 주소 및 주민등록번호를 증명하는 정보를 첨부정보로서 등기소에 제공하여야 한다고 규정한다. 따라서 미등기토지에 대하여 토지대장이나 임야대장의 소유자 명의인 표시란에 구체적 주소나 인적사항에 관한 기재가 없어서 그 명의인을 특정할 수 없는 경우에는 그 소유명의인의 채권자가 국가를 상대로 소유명의인을 대위하여 소유권확인의 확정판결을 받더라도 이 확인판결에는 소유자가 특정되지 않아 특정인이 위 토지의 소유자임을 증명하는 확정판결이라고 볼 수 없다(등기선례 제201112-2호, 제201005-1호 등도 같은 취지로 규정하고 있다). [4] 확인의 소에서 확인의 이익의 유무는 직권조사사항이므로 당사자의 주장 여부에 관계없이 법원이 직권으로 판단하여야 한다.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 대전지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Daejeon District Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 민법 제404조, 민사소송법 제52조, 제248조[소의제기] [2] 민사소송법 제250조 [3] 민사소송법 제250조, 부동산등기법 제65조 제2호, 부동산등기규칙 제46조 제1항 제6호 [4] 민사소송법 제134조, 제250조
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