Open Decision Ledger · Constitutional, administrative & state liability
Refusing renewal of an airport bus limited licence within the governor's discretion
Supreme Court, June 11, 2020, 2020Du34384 (judgment)
Case name: 공항버스한정면허기간갱신거부처분취소
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Does the assessment of whether the criteria for a limited passenger vehicle transport licence are met belong to the competent administrative authority's discretion, both when the licence is newly issued and when its renewal is decided, and when is a refusal of renewal unlawful under judicial review?
Holding
It does. A limited licence confers rights or benefits on a named person and calls for technical and professional judgement, so unless the legislature provides otherwise the authority has discretion, and the same applies when a licence lapses on expiry and is renewed. The governor's review must be respected unless it is objectively unreasonable, and judicial review is in principle confined to whether there was an excess or abuse of discretion, judged by factual error and breach of proportionality and equality. A refusal of renewal is unlawful where the governor did not weigh at all the disadvantage the applicant suffers, left out a matter that belonged in the comparison, or weighed it without legitimacy and objectivity.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
따라서 한정면허가 신규로 발급되는 때는 물론이고 한정면허의 갱신 여부를 결정하는 때에도 관계 법규 내에서 한정면허의 기준이 충족되었는지를 판단하는 것은 관할 행정청의 재량에 속한다.
Unofficial English translation
Therefore, not only when a limited-scope license is newly issued but also when a decision is made as to whether to renew a limited-scope license, determining whether the requirements for a limited-scope license have been satisfied within the framework of the relevant statutes and regulations falls within the discretion of the competent administrative agency.
Disposition
Dismissed Stated in the decision
상고를 모두 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
이에 대한 사법심사는 원칙적으로 재량권의 일탈이나 남용이 있는지 여부만을 대상으로 하며, 사실오인과 비례·평등의 원칙 위반 여부 등이 판단 기준이 된다.
Unofficial English translation
Judicial review thereof is, in principle, directed only to the question of whether there has been any deviation from or abuse of discretion, and criteria for judgment include whether the facts were mistaken and whether the principles of proportionality and equality were violated.
Factors
- 교통수요, 운송업체의 수송 및 공급능력 등에 관한 기술적·전문적 판단이 필요하고
- 원활한 운송체계의 확보, 일반 공중의 교통 편의성 제고 등 운수행정을 통한 공익적 측면과 함께 관련 운송사업자들 사이의 이해관계 조정 등 사익적 측면을 고려하는 등
- 한정면허의 내용, 그 경위와 목적, 종전 한정면허 당시와 비교한 사정 변경 여부 등과 함께
- 한정면허의 갱신을 신청한 자가 거부처분으로 입게 되는 불이익의 내용과 정도 등을 전혀 비교형량하지 아니하였거나
Unofficial English translation
• technical and expert judgment is required regarding transportation demand, the transport capacity and supply capacity of transport operators, etc., and
• in addition to the public interest aspects through transport administration, such as securing a smooth transport system and enhancing the transportation convenience of the general public, private interest aspects, such as the adjustment of interests among the related transport service operators, are considered, and
• together with the content of the limited-scope license, the circumstances and purpose thereof, whether there has been any change in circumstances compared to the time of the previous limited-scope license, etc., and
• entirely failed to compare and weigh the content and extent of the disadvantages that a person who applied for renewal of a limited-scope license would suffer from a refusal disposition, or
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2005. 9. 15. 선고 2005두3257 판결(공2005하, 1634)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2005Du3257 decided September 15, 2005 (Gong 2005 Ha, 1634)
Decisions referred to
대법원 2005. 9. 15. 선고 2005두3257 판결(공2005하, 1634), 대법원 2014. 4. 30. 선고 2011두14685 판결(공2014상, 1146), 대법원 2018. 9. 13. 선고 2017두33176 판결(공2018하, 1995), 대법원 2019. 7. 11. 선고 2017두38874 판결(공2019하, 1567)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
When the irregularity of demand that justified the original limited licence has plainly improved, how much weight must the governor give the licensee's investment and its dependence on that route?
A later Supreme Court decision reviewing a refusal of renewal, in particular one weighing a route whose demand has become regular against the licensee's investment, would require this entry to be read again. Any amendment to Article 4 of the Passenger Vehicle Transport Business Act or to Article 17 of its Enforcement Rule, including the licence period of six years and the renewal application deadline of three months before expiry, would have the same effect.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-25
A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 4 (form of the test).
Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”
The primary reading treats the holding as a set of requirements for reviewing renewal, while the independent reading treats it as a comprehensive balancing of circumstances.
따라서 이러한 사정은 한정면허의 내용, 그 경위와 목적, 종전 한정면허 당시와 비교한 사정 변경 여부 등과 함께 한정면허의 갱신 여부를 심사하는 과정에서 고려대상에 포함되어야 한다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Seoul High Court, in its judgment of 29 January 2020 (2019Nu35413), accepted the evidence and held that the Governor of Gyeonggi-do had to weigh together the size and trend of the rise and fall in demand on each route, the period for which the plaintiff had operated it, the plaintiff's contribution to the public interest and the profits earned, but had instead simply assumed that the irregularity of demand on the route had improved because airport passengers had increased, transport conditions had improved and the average profitability of limited-licence operators had risen, and had refused renewal without examining the grounds for the licence at all. It held that this was an excess and abuse of discretion.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court found some parts of the appellate reasoning not quite apt, but no error that affected the outcome. It held that the court below had not failed to conduct the necessary examination, had not departed from the limits of free evaluation contrary to the rules of logic and experience, and had not misapplied the law on excess and abuse of discretion, violated precedent or breached the principle that findings rest on evidence. The Justices unanimously dismissed the Governor's appeals and apportioned the costs of appeal, with the part arising from intervention falling on the defendant's co-intervenor and the rest on the Governor of Gyeonggi-do.
Distinguishing conditions
- An applicant for a new limited licence who has never held one and made no investment in reliance on it, since the heavier interest the Court described belongs to one who was granted a licence under the conditions of Article 17(1) of the Enforcement Rule and has since invested capital, staff and facilities.
- A refusal in which the governor did weigh the applicant's disadvantage and all the matters that belonged in the comparison, with legitimacy and objectivity, since the decision makes the omission or the absence of legitimacy the ground of unlawfulness.
- A case in which the governor's review of whether the licence criteria are met appears objectively reasonable, since the decision says the authority's opinion must then be respected.
Record verification notes
Establish from the file whether the applicant previously held the limited licence under Article 17(1) of the Enforcement Rule and how much capital, staff and facilities it committed afterwards, since that is what makes its interest heavier than that of a new applicant. Then look for any record of the governor's assessment of the size and trend of demand, the length of operation, the public-interest contribution and the profits taken. Finally confirm the version of the Passenger Vehicle Transport Business Act and its Enforcement Rule in force when the refusal was made, and whether the demand irregularity that justified the original licence still held.
From the official text
Points at issue
여객자동차운송사업의 한정면허를 신규로 발급하는 때 및 한정면허의 갱신 여부를 결정하는 때에 관계 법규 내에서 한정면허의 기준이 충족되었는지를 판단하는 것이 관할 행정청의 재량에 속하는지 여부(적극) / 한정면허의 기준을 충족하였는지 여부를 심사한 시·도지사의 의사는 가능한 존중되어야 하는지 여부(원칙적 적극) 및 이에 대한 사법심사의 대상 및 판단 기준 / 한정면허의 갱신 여부를 심사하는 과정에서 고려할 사항 및 시·도지사가 한정면허의 갱신 여부를 심사할 때 한정면허 갱신 신청자가 거부처분으로 입게 되는 불이익의 내용과 정도 등을 전혀 비교형량하지 않았거나 비교형량의 고려대상에 포함해야 할 사항을 누락한 경우 또는 비교형량을 하였으나 정당성·객관성이 결여된 경우, 한정면허의 갱신에 관한 거부처분이 위법한지 여부(적극)
Unofficial English translation
Whether it falls within the discretion of the competent administrative agency to determine, when a limited-scope license for a passenger transport service business is newly issued and when the decision is made as to whether to renew a limited-scope license, whether the requirements for a limited-scope license have been satisfied within the framework of the relevant statutes and regulations (affirmative) / Whether the judgment of the mayor or provincial governor who examined whether the requirements for a limited-scope license have been satisfied should be respected as far as possible (affirmative in principle), and the scope and criteria of judicial review thereof / Matters to be considered in the process of examining whether to renew a limited-scope license, and whether a refusal disposition regarding the renewal of a limited-scope license is unlawful where, when examining whether to renew a limited-scope license, the mayor or provincial governor entirely failed to compare and weigh the content and extent of the disadvantages that the applicant for renewal of a limited-scope license would suffer from a refusal disposition, or omitted matters that should have been included in the factors for comparison and weighing, or conducted the comparison and weighing but without justification and objectivity (affirmative)
Summary of the holding
여객자동차 운수사업법 제4조 제1항 단서 및 제2항, 제3항, 여객자동차 운수사업법 시행규칙 제17조 제1항 제1호 (가)목 1), 제5항 및 제6항을 종합하면, 여객자동차운송사업의 한정면허는 특정인에게 권리나 이익을 부여하는 수익적 행정행위로서, 교통수요, 운송업체의 수송 및 공급능력 등에 관한 기술적·전문적 판단이 필요하고, 원활한 운송체계의 확보, 일반 공중의 교통 편의성 제고 등 운수행정을 통한 공익적 측면과 함께 관련 운송사업자들 사이의 이해관계 조정 등 사익적 측면을 고려하는 등 합목적성과 구체적 타당성을 확보하기 위한 적합한 기준에 따라야 하므로, 그 범위 내에서는 법령이 특별히 규정한 바가 없으면 행정청이 재량을 보유하고 이는 한정면허가 기간만료로 실효되어 갱신되는 경우에도 마찬가지이다. 따라서 한정면허가 신규로 발급되는 때는 물론이고 한정면허의 갱신 여부를 결정하는 때에도 관계 법규 내에서 한정면허의 기준이 충족되었는지를 판단하는 것은 관할 행정청의 재량에 속한다. 그러므로 시·도지사가 한정면허의 기준을 충족하였는지 여부를 심사한 것이 객관적으로 합리적이지 않거나 타당하지 않다고 보이지 아니하는 한 그 의사는 가능한 존중되어야 하고, 이에 대한 사법심사는 원칙적으로 재량권의 일탈이나 남용이 있는지 여부만을 대상으로 하며, 사실오인과 비례·평등의 원칙 위반 여부 등이 판단 기준이 된다. 특히 한정면허의 갱신은 신규면허 당시에 구비하였던 여객자동차 운수사업법 시행규칙 제17조 제1항 각호의 요건이 그 후 시간의 경과에 따라 해당 요건을 충족하지 않게 된 경우, 종전의 한정면허가 더는 유지되지 않게 함으로써 여객자동차 운수사업의 건전한 발전을 도모하는 데에 목적이 있다. 다른 한편으로, 한정면허의 갱신을 신청하는 자가 과거에 여객자동차 운수사업법 시행규칙 제17조 제1항 각호의 요건을 충족한 것으로 인정받아 한정면허를 받은 바 있고 그에 따라 이미 많은 자본을 투자하여 상당한 인원과 설비를 갖추었다면, 한정면허의 갱신 여부에 관하여 신규로 면허를 신청하는 경우보다 훨씬 중대한 이해관계를 갖는다. 따라서 이러한 사정은 한정면허의 내용, 그 경위와 목적, 종전 한정면허 당시와 비교한 사정 변경 여부 등과 함께 한정면허의 갱신 여부를 심사하는 과정에서 고려대상에 포함되어야 한다. 만일 이와 달리 행정청인 시·도지사가 한정면허의 갱신 여부를 심사할 때 한정면허의 갱신을 신청한 자가 거부처분으로 입게 되는 불이익의 내용과 정도 등을 전혀 비교형량하지 아니하였거나 비교형량의 고려대상에 마땅히 포함시켜야 할 사항을 누락한 경우 또는 비교형량을 하였으나 정당성·객관성이 결여된 경우에는 한정면허의 갱신에 관한 거부처분은 재량권을 일탈·남용하여 위법하다고 할 수밖에 없다.
Order
상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용 중 보조참가로 인한 부분은 피고보조참가인이, 나머지 부분은 피고 경기도지사가 각 부담한다.
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed. Of the costs of the final appeal, the portion attributable to the auxiliary intervention shall be borne by the defendant's auxiliary intervener, and the remainder shall be borne by the defendant, Governor of Gyeonggi Province, respectively.
Provisions referred to
여객자동차 운수사업법 제4조 제1항, 제2항, 제3항, 여객자동차 운수사업법 시행규칙 제17조 제1항 제1호 (가)목 1), 제5항, 제6항
Read 2026-10-25 · Cross-read 2026-10-25. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.
Back to the ledger