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Open Decision Ledger · Civil obligations & remedies

Reading a W-bond to find the insured event in performance guarantee insurance

Supreme Court, Aug. 14, 2025, 2021Da220628 (judgment)

Case name: 보험금[이행보증보험계약에 따라 보증금의 지급을 청구하는 사건]

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where the Export-Import Bank of Korea paid guarantee amounts demanded by foreign purchasers on Warranty Bonds (W-bonds) and claimed insurance proceeds under guarantee insurance contracts with an insurer, were the reasons for those payments within the coverage of the W-bonds, so that an insured event occurred?

  2. Holding

    The insured event in guarantee insurance is decided by weighing the policy terms incorporated by agreement together with the guarantee certificate and main contract those terms refer to, and a document is read by weighing its wording, the motive and course of the agreement, the purpose sought and the parties' true intent. The Supreme Court accepted the court below's holding that the insurer's guarantee debt covered only the recourse claim the company incurred to the Bank by paying the W-bond guarantee amounts. It could not accept, however, the further holding that the payments fell outside the W-bond coverage, because the W-bond body guarantees all obligations assumed under the order contract, the Bank's website does not limit the content of the loss, and the AP-bond and P-bond periods are distinct from the W-bond period.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    보험사고란 보험계약에서 보험자의 보험금 지급책임을 구체화하는 불확정한 사고를 의미하는 것으로서, 보증보험에서 보험사고가 구체적으로 무엇인지는 당사자 사이의 약정으로 계약내용에 편입된 보험약관과 보험약관이 인용하고 있는 보험증권 및 주계약의 구체적인 내용 등을 종합하여 결정하여야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    An insured event means an uncertain event that concretizes the insurer's liability to pay insurance money under an insurance contract; what specifically constitutes an insured event in surety insurance must be determined by comprehensively considering the insurance policy terms incorporated into the contents of the contract by agreement between the parties, and the specific contents of the insurance certificate and the principal contract referenced by such insurance policy terms, etc.
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Circumstances weighed Stated in the decision

    문언의 내용, 약정이 이루어진 동기와 경위, 약정으로 달성하려는 목적, 당사자의 진정한 의사 등을 종합적으로 고찰하여 논리와 경험칙에 따라 합리적으로 해석하여야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    It must be interpreted reasonably in accordance with logic and experience, by comprehensively examining the contents of the wording, the motive and circumstances under which the agreement was made, the purpose sought to be achieved by the agreement, and the parties' true intent.
  5. Factors

    • 당사자 사이의 약정으로 계약내용에 편입된 보험약관과 보험약관이 인용하고 있는 보험증권 및 주계약의 구체적인 내용 등을 종합하여 결정하여야 한다
    • W-bond 본문에 ‘을 외국법인 등을 위하여 발주계약에 따라 갑 회사가 인수한 모든 의무이행’을 보증한다고 명시되어 있고
    • 그 손실의 내용을 특별히 한정하고 있지 않은 점
    • 보증기간이 W-bond와 구분되어 있어 W-bond와 동시에 효력을 갖는다고 볼 수 없는 점
    • 발주계약을 체결하며 갑 회사의 의무불이행에 대비하여 각 단계별로 제3자의 보증을 요구하였던 을 외국법인 등의 의사에 부합하는 것으로 보이는데도

    Unofficial English translation

    • it must be determined by comprehensively considering the insurance policy terms incorporated into the contents of the contract by agreement between the parties, and the specific contents of the insurance certificate and the principal contract referenced by such insurance policy terms, etc.

    • the main text of the W-bond expressly provides that it guarantees 'the performance of all obligations assumed by Company A under the ordering contract for Foreign Corporation B, etc.', and

    • the fact that it does not particularly limit the contents of such losses

    • the fact that the surety period is distinguished from the W-bond and therefore cannot be regarded as having effect simultaneously with the W-bond

    • notwithstanding that it appears to accord with the intent of Foreign Corporation B, etc., who, when entering into the ordering contract, required sureties from third parties at each stage in anticipation of Company A's non-performance of its obligations,

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2006. 4. 28. 선고 2004다16976 판결(공2006상, 908)

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2004Da16976 decided April 28, 2006 (Gong 2006 Sang, 908)

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 2002. 6. 28. 선고 2002다23482 판결(공2002하, 1816), 대법원 2006. 4. 28. 선고 2004다16976 판결(공2006상, 908), 대법원 2015. 11. 26. 선고 2013다62490 판결, 대법원 2021. 3. 25. 선고 2018다275017 판결(공2021상, 861)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    When final delivery is late so that the demand arrives before or around the start of the warranty period, where is the boundary between the AP-bond and P-bond period and the W-bond period, and which bond bears the resulting loss?

    The Seoul High Court's remand judgment in 2020Na2026872 will show how the W-bond's character and coverage are fixed and whether a recourse claim and an insured event are found. Any amendment to Article 665, Article 666(ii) or Article 726-5 of the Commercial Code or Article 105 of the Civil Act, or a later decision on independent bank guarantees or on the insured event in guarantee insurance, calls for this entry to be read again.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24

A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “When final delivery is late so that the demand arrives before or around the start of the warranty period, where is the boundary between the AP-bond and P-bond period and the W-bond period, and which bond bears the resulting loss?” vs Independent “On further examination of the contractual arrangements, do the particular defaults underlying the bank's payments fall within the warranty bond's coverage?”

The primary reading asks about temporal boundaries and allocation of losses among bonds, while the independent reading asks whether the particular defaults are covered after further examination.

보험사고란 보험계약에서 보험자의 보험금 지급책임을 구체화하는 불확정한 사고를 의미하는 것으로서, 보증보험에서 보험사고가 구체적으로 무엇인지는 당사자 사이의 약정으로 계약내용에 편입된 보험약관과 보험약관이 인용하고 있는 보험증권 및 주계약의 구체적인 내용 등을 종합하여 결정하여야 한다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The Seoul High Court, in its judgment of 3 February 2021 (2020Na2026872), held that the insurer's guarantee debt under the two guarantee insurance contracts was limited to the recourse claim the company incurred to the Bank by paying the guarantee amounts on the W-bonds. It held, however, that the W-bonds compensate losses of the purchasers arising during the warranty period after export performance, so the reasons put forward, delay in delivery of the product under the first order contract and non-performance of contractual obligations together with non-return of the advance payment under the second, were outside the coverage. The payments therefore did not give rise to a recourse claim related to the W-bonds, the insurer owed no insurance proceeds, and whether the W-bonds were independent bank guarantees made no difference to that conclusion.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court agreed that the guarantee debt was limited to the recourse claim, but held that the coverage conclusion could not stand. The W-bond bodies expressly guarantee all obligations the company assumed under the order contracts, the Bank's website explains the W-bond as compensating losses arising in the warranty period without limiting their content, and the AP-bond and P-bond periods are distinct from the W-bond period, so they cannot take effect at the same time. Because the bonds are independent bank guarantees, the Bank must pay unconditionally unless special circumstances show objectively that the purchasers held no rights and abused that nature, so the court below should have examined the character and coverage of the W-bonds and decided whether a recourse claim arose and whether its non-performance was an insured event; failing to do so was error affecting the judgment. The whole judgment was reversed and the case remanded to the Seoul High Court, on the unanimous opinion of the Justices.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A guarantee certificate whose text expressly limits the guaranteed obligations to defects or to the content of the loss, so that the wording does not on its face guarantee all obligations assumed under the order contract.
  • A case in which the AP-bond or P-bond period overlaps the W-bond period, so that the Court's reasoning about the periods being distinct cannot separate the bonds.
  • A claim in which special circumstances show objectively that the purchaser held no rights and abused the nature of the independent bank guarantee, which the Court left open as a separate route.

Record verification notes

Set the W-bond body, the policy terms incorporated by agreement, the guarantee certificate and the main contract side by side, since the insured event is decided from those texts together and the Korean heading alone cannot narrow coverage. Put the guarantee period of each AP-bond and P-bond on a timeline against the W-bond period, because the Court's reading rests on their periods being distinct. Keep the scope question the Court accepted apart from the coverage question it reversed, and check the special-circumstances route, since the Bank had to pay the beneficiaries unconditionally unless that route is made out.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 보증보험에서 보험사고가 구체적으로 무엇인지 결정하는 방법 / 처분문서에 나타난 당사자의 의사를 해석하는 방법 [2] 한국수출입은행이 갑 주식회사의 요청에 따라 갑 회사와 물품 제조·공급계약을 체결한 발주회사인 을 외국법인 등에 보증금액, 보증기한 등을 달리하는 여러 보증서를 발행하여 각 보증서가 을 외국법인 등에 교부되었는데, 을 외국법인 등이 ‘제품의 인도지체’, ‘갑 회사의 의무불이행과 선불금 반환의무 불이행’을 이유로 내세우며 위 보증서 중 하자보수보증서(W-bond)에 기초한 보증금의 지급을 구하자, 한국수출입은행이 보증사고 발생을 전제로 을 외국법인 등에 보증금을 지급하고 이에 관하여 이행보증보험계약을 체결한 병 보험회사를 상대로 보험금을 청구한 사안에서, 병 회사가 이행보증보험계약에 따라 부담하는 보증채무의 범위가 한국수출입은행이 갑 회사를 위하여 W-bond와 관련된 보증금을 을 외국법인 등에 지급함으로써 갑 회사가 한국수출입은행에 대하여 부담하게 되는 구상채무에 관한 것이라고 본 원심의 판단은 정당하나, W-bond가 수출이행 후 하자보수기간에 발생한 발주자의 손실을 보상하는 것이므로 을 외국법인 등이 보증금 지급사유로 내세운 ‘제품의 인도지체’, ‘갑 회사의 의무불이행과 선불금 반환의무 불이행’은 W-bond의 보상범위에 포함되지 않는다고 단정하여 병 회사가 보험금 지급의무를 부담하지 않는다고 본 원심의 판단에는 법리오해 등의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] How to determine what specifically constitutes an insured event in surety insurance / How to interpret the intent of the parties as manifested in an instrument of disposition [2] In a case where The Export-Import Bank of Korea, at the request of Company A, issued to Foreign Corporation B, etc., the ordering companies that entered into a contract for the manufacture and supply of goods with Company A, several surety bonds with differing surety amounts, surety periods, etc., each of which was delivered to Foreign Corporation B, etc., and where, when Foreign Corporation B, etc. asserted as grounds 'delay in delivery of the products' and 'Company A's non-performance of its obligations and failure to perform the obligation to return the advance payment' and sought payment of the surety amount on the basis of the maintenance warranty bond (W-bond) among such surety bonds, The Export-Import Bank of Korea paid the surety amount to Foreign Corporation B, etc. on the premise that a surety event had occurred and, in relation thereto, brought a claim for insurance money against Insurance Company C, with which it had entered into a performance surety insurance contract, the court below's decision that the scope of the surety debt borne by Company C under the performance surety insurance contract pertains to the recourse debt that Company A came to owe to The Export-Import Bank of Korea as a result of The Export-Import Bank of Korea's payment, for Company A, of the surety amount relating to the W-bond to Foreign Corporation B, etc. is justifiable; however, in a case where the court below's decision, which summarily held that because the W-bond compensates losses of the ordering company incurred during the maintenance period following export performance, 'delay in delivery of the products' and 'Company A's non-performance of its obligations and failure to perform the obligation to return the advance payment', asserted by Foreign Corporation B, etc. as grounds for payment of the surety amount, are not included within the scope of compensation of the W-bond, and accordingly held that Company C bears no obligation to pay insurance money, contains errors such as misapprehension of legal principles

Summary of the holding

[1] 보험사고란 보험계약에서 보험자의 보험금 지급책임을 구체화하는 불확정한 사고를 의미하는 것으로서, 보증보험에서 보험사고가 구체적으로 무엇인지는 당사자 사이의 약정으로 계약내용에 편입된 보험약관과 보험약관이 인용하고 있는 보험증권 및 주계약의 구체적인 내용 등을 종합하여 결정하여야 한다. 당사자 사이에 계약의 해석을 둘러싸고 다툼이 있어 처분문서에 나타난 당사자의 의사해석이 문제 되는 경우에는 문언의 내용, 약정이 이루어진 동기와 경위, 약정으로 달성하려는 목적, 당사자의 진정한 의사 등을 종합적으로 고찰하여 논리와 경험칙에 따라 합리적으로 해석하여야 한다. [2] 한국수출입은행이 갑 주식회사의 요청에 따라 갑 회사와 물품 제조·공급계약을 체결한 발주회사인 을 외국법인 등에 보증금액, 보증기한 등을 달리하는 여러 보증서를 발행하여 각 보증서가 을 외국법인 등에 교부되었는데, 을 외국법인 등이 ‘제품의 인도지체’, ‘갑 회사의 의무불이행과 선불금 반환의무 불이행’을 이유로 내세우며 위 보증서 중 하자보수보증서(Warranty Bond, 이하 ‘W-bond’라 한다)에 기초한 보증금의 지급을 구하자, 한국수출입은행이 보증사고 발생을 전제로 을 외국법인 등에 보증금을 지급하고 이에 관하여 이행보증보험계약을 체결한 병 보험회사를 상대로 보험금을 청구한 사안에서, 병 회사가 이행보증보험계약에 따라 부담하는 보증채무의 범위가 한국수출입은행이 갑 회사를 위하여 W-bond와 관련된 보증금을 을 외국법인 등에 지급함으로써 갑 회사가 한국수출입은행에 대하여 부담하게 되는 구상채무에 관한 것이라고 본 원심의 판단은 정당하나, ① W-bond 본문에 ‘을 외국법인 등을 위하여 발주계약에 따라 갑 회사가 인수한 모든 의무이행’을 보증한다고 명시되어 있고, 한국수출입은행이 운영하는 웹사이트에서도 ‘하자보수보증(W-Bond)’에 관하여 ‘수출이행 후 하자보수기간에 발생한 사업주 또는 발주자의 손실을 보상’하는 것이라고 설명하고 있을 뿐 그 손실의 내용을 특별히 한정하고 있지 않은 점, ② 한국수출입은행이 발행한 보증서 중 선수금환급보증서(Advance Payment Bond, 이하 ‘AP-bond’라 한다), 계약이행보증서(Performance Bond, 이하 ‘P-bond’라 한다)는 보증기간이 W-bond와 구분되어 있어 W-bond와 동시에 효력을 갖는다고 볼 수 없는 점 등 제반 사정에 비추어 보면, W-bond는 원래의 계약 이행기 이후의 일정기간 동안 발주자인 을 외국법인 등을 위하여 갑 회사가 발주계약에 따라 인수한 모든 의무이행을 보증한다고 볼 여지가 있고, AP-bond와 P-bond는 그 이전의 기간에 을 외국법인 등을 위하여 발주계약에 따른 갑 회사의 의무이행을 보증하되, 다만 ‘선급금의 반환’과 ‘계약 이행’이라는 서로 다른 갑 회사의 의무이행을 보증하는 관계에 있다고 볼 수 있으며, 이와 같은 해석이 발주계약을 체결하며 갑 회사의 의무불이행에 대비하여 각 단계별로 제3자의 보증을 요구하였던 을 외국법인 등의 의사에 부합하는 것으로 보이는데도, 이와 달리 W-bond가 수출이행 후 하자보수기간에 발생한 발주자의 손실을 보상하는 것이므로 을 외국법인 등이 보증금 지급사유로 내세운 ‘제품의 인도지체’, ‘갑 회사의 의무불이행과 선불금 반환의무 불이행’은 W-bond의 보상범위에 포함되지 않는다고 단정하여, 병 회사가 한국수출입은행에 대하여 보험금 지급의무를 부담하지 않는다고 본 원심의 판단에는 법리오해 등의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.

Order

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

Provisions referred to

[1] 상법 제665조, 제666조 제2호, 제726조의5, 민법 제105조 / [2] 상법 제665조, 제666조 제2호, 제726조의5, 민법 제105조

Read 2026-10-24 · Cross-read 2026-10-24. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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