Open Decision Ledger · Labour & industrial accidents
Refresher education as working time and holiday work on a designated day
Supreme Court, May 12, 2022, 2022Da203798 (judgment)
Case name: 임금[여객자동차 운수사업법상 보수교육이 근로시간에 포함됨을 전제로 임금을 청구한 사건]
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Is work on a day designated as a holiday by a collective agreement or work rules holiday work attracting the premium under Article 56 of the former Labour Standards Act, and does the refresher education that Article 25(1) of the Passenger Automobile Transport Business Act requires of transport workers count as working time even though the provider is not the employer?
Holding
The Court answered yes on both points. Work on a day designated as a holiday by a collective agreement or work rules is holiday work, alongside work on the weekly holiday under Article 55, and whether a day was so designated is judged by weighing the wording of the holiday provisions, the reason for adopting them, the workplace's working-time regime and practice, and the wages actually paid and how they were calculated. Whether education received outside regular working hours under a statute, collective agreement, work rules or the employer's instruction counts as working time is judged by weighing the listed circumstances, and the refresher education required under Article 25(1) of the Passenger Automobile Transport Business Act counts as working time even though the provider is not the employer.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
비록 교육의 주체가 사용자가 아닐지라도 여객자동차법 제25조 제1항에 근거를 둔 운수종사자에 대한 보수교육시간은 근로시간에 포함된다고 봄이 타당하다.
Unofficial English translation
Even if the entity providing the training is not the employer, the refresher training hours of transport service workers based on Article 25 (1) of the Passenger Transport Service Act may properly be regarded as being included in working hours.
Disposition
Dismissed Stated in the decision
상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고가 부담한다.
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the defendant.
Form of the test
Circumstances weighed Stated in the decision
근로자가 교육을 이수하지 않을 때에 받을 불이익의 존부와 그 정도 등 여러 사정을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
It must be determined by comprehensively considering various circumstances, including the existence and degree of any disadvantages an employee may suffer if he or she does not complete the training.
Factors
- 단체협약이나 취업규칙 등에 의하여 휴일로 정하여진 날의 근로도 포함된다
- 관련 법령 또는 단체협약·취업규칙 등의 내용과 취지
- 해당 교육의 목적 및 근로 제공과의 관련성
- 사용자에게 이를 용인하여야 할 법령상 의무가 있는지
- 근로자가 교육을 이수하지 않을 때에 받을 불이익의 존부와 그 정도
Unofficial English translation
• Work performed on a day designated as a holiday under a collective agreement, rules of employment, etc. is also included
• The content and purport of the relevant statutes or the provisions of a collective agreement, rules of employment, etc.
• The purpose of the training in question and its relevance to the provision of labor
• Whether the employer has a statutory obligation to tolerate it
• The existence and degree of any disadvantages an employee may suffer if he or she does not complete the training
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 1991. 5. 14. 선고 90다14089 판결(공1991, 1617)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 90Da14089 decided May 14, 1991 (Gong 1991, 1617)
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 1991. 5. 14. 선고 90다14089 판결(공1991, 1617), 대법원 2019. 8. 14. 선고 2016다9704, 9711 판결(공2019하, 1713), 대법원 2020. 8. 20. 선고 2019다14110, 14127, 14134, 14141 판결(공2020하, 1776)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Where education outside regular working hours is required only by the employer's own instruction, with no statutory duty to tolerate it and no detriment for non-attendance, do the listed circumstances still make it working time?
A later decision on employer-directed training without statutory backing, or on a day said to have been designated as a holiday, would require this entry to be read again. So would an amendment to Article 50 of the Labour Standards Act or to Article 25 of the Passenger Automobile Transport Business Act and its Enforcement Rule.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-25
A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).
Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Where education outside regular working hours is required only by the employer's own instruction, with no statutory duty to tolerate it and no detriment for non-attendance, do the listed circumstances still make it working time?” vs Independent “When would training necessitated by an employee's own fault nevertheless count as working time?”
The primary asks whether employer-instructed training with no statutory tolerance duty or detriment is working time, while the independent asks whether training caused by the employee's own fault is working time.
비록 교육의 주체가 사용자가 아닐지라도 여객자동차법 제25조 제1항에 근거를 둔 운수종사자에 대한 보수교육시간은 근로시간에 포함된다고 봄이 타당하다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Gwangju District Court, in its judgment of 22 December 2021 (2020Na61125), held that the plaintiffs' work on days beyond full attendance was holiday work for which the labour standards premium must be paid. It ordered the defendant to pay the holiday premium for 8 hours of each overtime day and, for the other 8 hours, both the holiday premium and the overtime premium, and it kept the first-instance finding that the mandatory education hours of transport workers were working time.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court found no error. On the first ground, it held that the court below had not misapprehended the law on holiday work under the labour standards legislation; on the second, that it had not misapprehended the statutory duty of transport workers to receive education or the law on working time. It dismissed the defendant's appeals in full, with costs on the losing party, on the unanimous view of the participating Justices.
Distinguishing conditions
- A day whose work is not shown, on the wording and purpose of the holiday provisions, the workplace's working-time regime and practice, and the wages actually paid, to have been designated as a holiday by a collective agreement or work rules.
- Education outside regular working hours that no statute, collective agreement, work rules or the employer's instruction requires, since the rule starts from such a source.
- Education the worker undergoes through the worker's own fault, or which the worker may decline without suffering any detriment, where those points, weighed with the other circumstances, point away from working time, since the Court expressly weighed them.
Record verification notes
Set the file against the wording of the holiday provisions in the applicable collective agreement and work rules, the reason they were adopted, how working time was regulated and practised in that workplace, and the wage items, amounts and calculation used when the work was done. Then match the education in the file to the provision, agreement or work rule that requires it, and to Article 25(1) of the Passenger Automobile Transport Business Act and Article 58(1)(ii) of its Enforcement Rule, and check what the worker would lose by not attending. Note that Articles 55 and 56 were applied as they stood before the amendment of 20 March 2018.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 구 근로기준법 제56조에 따라 휴일근로수당을 지급하여야 하는 휴일근로에 단체협약이나 취업규칙 등에 의하여 휴일로 정하여진 날의 근로가 포함되는지 여부(적극) 및 휴일로 정하였는지 판단하는 기준 [2] 근로자가 직무와 관련된 법령 또는 단체협약·취업규칙 등의 규정이나 사용자의 지시에 따라 소정근로시간 외에 교육을 받는 경우, 그러한 교육시간이 근로시간에 해당하는지 판단하는 기준 [3] 여객자동차 운수사업법 제25조 제1항에 따른 운수종사자에 대한 보수교육시간이 근로시간에 포함되는지 여부(적극)
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether work performed on a day designated as a holiday under a collective agreement, rules of employment, etc. is included in holiday work for which a holiday work allowance must be paid pursuant to Article 56 of the former Labor Standards Act (affirmative), and the criteria for determining whether a day has been designated as a holiday [2] The criteria for determining whether such training hours constitute working hours where an employee receives training outside of prescribed working hours pursuant to statutes or regulations related to his or her duties, or the provisions of a collective agreement, rules of employment, etc., or the employer's instructions [3] Whether the refresher training hours of transport service workers under Article 25 (1) of the Passenger Transport Service Act are included in working hours (affirmative)
Summary of the holding
[1] 구 근로기준법(2018. 3. 20. 법률 제15513호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제56조에 따라 휴일근로수당으로 통상임금의 100분의 50 이상을 가산하여 지급하여야 하는 휴일근로에는 같은 법 제55조 소정의 주휴일 근로뿐만 아니라 단체협약이나 취업규칙 등에 의하여 휴일로 정하여진 날의 근로도 포함된다. 그리고 휴일로 정하였는지는 단체협약이나 취업규칙 등에 있는 휴일 관련 규정의 문언과 그러한 규정을 두게 된 경위, 해당 사업장의 근로시간에 관한 규율 체계와 관행, 근로 제공이 이루어진 경우 실제로 지급된 임금의 명목과 지급금액, 지급액의 산정 방식 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다. [2] 근로자가 직무와 관련된 법령 또는 단체협약·취업규칙 등의 규정이나 사용자의 지시에 따라 소정근로시간 외에 교육을 받는 경우, 그러한 교육시간이 근로시간에 해당하는지는 관련 법령 또는 단체협약·취업규칙 등의 내용과 취지, 해당 교육의 목적 및 근로 제공과의 관련성, 교육의 주체가 누구인지, 사용자에게 이를 용인하여야 할 법령상 의무가 있는지, 근로자의 귀책사유로 말미암아 교육을 하게 되었는지, 근로자가 교육을 이수하지 않을 때에 받을 불이익의 존부와 그 정도 등 여러 사정을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다. [3] 여객자동차 운수사업법(이하 ‘여객자동차법’이라 한다) 제25조 제1항 및 같은 법 시행규칙 제58조 제1항 제2호에 따라 운수종사자는 운전업무를 시작하기 전에 ‘보수교육’을 받아야 하고, 운송사업자도 운수종사자가 위와 같은 보수교육을 받는 데 필요한 조치를 하여야 함은 물론 보수교육을 받지 아니한 운수종사자를 운전업무에 종사하게 하여서는 아니 된다. 이처럼 ‘보수교육’은 근로자인 운전종사자와 사용자인 운송사업자 모두에게 부과된 법령상 의무로서, 운전종사자의 적법한 근로 제공 및 운송사업자의 운전업무에 종사할 근로자 채용·결정에 관한 필수적인 전제조건이기도 하여 근로 제공과의 밀접한 관련성이 인정되는 점, 운송사업자가 운수종사자의 교육에 필요한 조치를 하지 아니한 경우에는 면허·허가·인가·등록의 취소 또는 6개월 이내의 기간을 정하여 사업의 전부 또는 일부에 대한 정지·노선폐지·감차 등의 사업계획 변경명령 등을 받게 되는 상당한 정도의 불이익이 규정되어 있는 점(여객자동차법 제85조 제1항 제23호) 등을 종합하면, 비록 교육의 주체가 사용자가 아닐지라도 여객자동차법 제25조 제1항에 근거를 둔 운수종사자에 대한 보수교육시간은 근로시간에 포함된다고 봄이 타당하다.
Order
상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고가 부담한다.
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the defendant.
Provisions referred to
[1] 구 근로기준법(2018. 3. 20. 법률 제15513호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제55조, 제56조 [2] 근로기준법 제50조 [3] 근로기준법 제50조, 여객자동차 운수사업법 제25조 제1항, 제2항, 제85조 제1항 제23호, 여객자동차 운수사업법 시행규칙 제58조 제1항 제2호
Read 2026-10-25 · Cross-read 2026-10-25. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
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