Open Decision Ledger · Criminal law
Reasonable doubt, and consent to distribution of a filmed image
Supreme Court, June 15, 2023, 2022Do15414 (judgment)
Case name: 정보통신망이용촉진및정보보호등에관한법률위반(음란물유포)[택일적죄명:성폭력범죄의처벌등에관한특례법위반(카메라등이용촬영·반포등)]
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
When the subject's identity is unknown and their will cannot be clearly confirmed, by what standard is it decided that a person distributed a filmed image against that subject's will, and what counts as the reasonable doubt a criminal conviction must leave no room for?
Holding
The offence under Article 14(2) of the Sexual Violence Punishment Act arises from acting against the subject's will at the time of the distribution, and a filming that was not against the will does not prevent it from arising. Where the will cannot be clearly confirmed, whether the distribution was against the will is judged on the totality of the relationship and circumstances of filming, the degree to which the content arouses sexual desire or shame, the possibility of identifying the subject and the circumstances of acquisition and distribution, together with the serious harm that rapid, wide dissemination over information networks may cause. Conviction requires proof beyond reasonable doubt, but not the exclusion of every possible doubt, and a suspicion resting on mere conceptual or abstract possibility is not a reasonable doubt.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
이와 같이 성폭력처벌법 제14조 제2항 위반죄는 반포 등 행위 시를 기준으로 촬영대상자의 의사에 반하여 그 행위를 함으로써 성립하고, 촬영이 촬영대상자의 의사에 반하지 아니하였더라도 그 성립에 지장이 없다.
Unofficial English translation
As stated above, the offense of violation of Article 14 (2) of the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual Crimes is established on the basis of the time of the act of distribution, etc. by commission of that act against the will of the person who was the subject of the filming, and even where the filming itself was not against the will of the person who was the subject of the filming, there is no impediment to its establishment.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울남부지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul Southern District Court.
Form of the test
Circumstances weighed Stated in the decision
촬영대상자의 의사에 반하여 반포 등을 하였는지 여부는, 촬영물 등을 토대로 확인할 수 있는 촬영대상자와 촬영자의 관계 및 촬영 경위, 그 내용이 성적 욕망 또는 수치심을 유발하는 정도, 촬영대상자의 특정가능성, 촬영물 등의 취득·반포 등이 이루어진 경위 등을 종합하여 판단하여야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
Whether distribution, etc. was committed against the will of the person who was the subject of the filming must be determined by comprehensively assessing the relationship between the person who was the subject of the filming and the person who conducted the filming and the circumstances of the filming, which can be ascertained on the basis of the filmed material, etc., the degree to which its content arouses sexual desire or a sense of shame, the identifiability of the person who was the subject of the filming, the circumstances under which the acquisition, distribution, etc. of the filmed material, etc. took place, and the like.
Factors
- 촬영대상자와 촬영자의 관계 및 촬영 경위
- 그 내용이 성적 욕망 또는 수치심을 유발하는 정도
- 촬영대상자의 특정가능성
- 촬영물 등의 취득·반포 등이 이루어진 경위
- 해당 촬영물 등이 인터넷 등 정보통신망을 통하여 급속도로 광범위하게 유포될 경우
Unofficial English translation
• The relationship between the person who was the subject of the filming and the person who conducted the filming, and the circumstances of the filming
• The degree to which its content arouses sexual desire or a sense of shame
• The identifiability of the person who was the subject of the filming
• The circumstances under which the acquisition, distribution, etc. of the filmed material, etc. took place
• Where the relevant filmed material, etc. is rapidly and widely disseminated through the Internet or other information and communications networks
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2004. 6. 25. 선고 2004도2221 판결(공2004하, 1290)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2004Do2221 decided June 25, 2004 (Gong 2004 Ha, 1290)
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2004. 6. 25. 선고 2004도2221 판결(공2004하, 1290), 대법원 2019. 10. 31. 선고 2018도2642 판결
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Where one of several persons shown in the image agrees to the distribution and another does not, whose will governs the offence under Article 14(2)?
The remand judgment of the Seoul Southern District Court will show how these circumstances were weighed on this record. Any amendment to Article 14 of the Sexual Violence Punishment Act, or a later decision on how the will of one person among several is assessed, would require this entry to be read again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-25
A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).
Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Where one of several persons shown in the image agrees to the distribution and another does not, whose will governs the offence under Article 14(2)?” vs Independent “What combination of circumstantial evidence suffices to establish distribution against the depicted person's will beyond reasonable doubt when that person remains unidentified?”
The primary asks whose will governs when only some depicted persons consent, while the independent asks which combination of circumstantial facts suffices to prove distribution against will beyond reasonable doubt.
이와 같이 성폭력처벌법 제14조 제2항 위반죄는 반포 등 행위 시를 기준으로 촬영대상자의 의사에 반하여 그 행위를 함으로써 성립하고, 촬영이 촬영대상자의 의사에 반하지 아니하였더라도 그 성립에 지장이 없다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Seoul Southern District Court, in its judgment of 8 November 2022 (2022No588), accepted that the photograph captured the bodies of the man and woman shown in it in a way that could arouse their sexual desire or shame. It nevertheless acquitted on the challenged charge, because no investigation of those persons had been carried out and the possibility that the photograph was taken with their will, on the premise of distributing it, could not be ruled out, so the prosecution had not proved that the defendant distributed it against their will.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the acquittal was hard to accept. From the content, filming method and angle of the original video, and the attitude and conversation visible in it, that video appeared to have been filmed secretly by the man without the woman's consent, and the same could be seen from the angle, posture and gaze in the photograph; its content causes considerable sexual desire or shame, the two can be identified from their faces and body features, and the defendant, who did not know them at all and had no consent or acquiescence from them, obtained it by an internet search and posted it on a site easily accessible to unspecified persons, so consent to the distribution, at least from the woman, could hardly be expected. The Court found that the acquittal was affected by a breach of the rules of logic and experience, going beyond the limits of free evaluation, or a misreading of the law on the offence, and reversed the whole judgment because the alternative charge of distributing obscene material under the Information and Communications Network Act had to be tried together as one offence.
Distinguishing conditions
- A distribution to which the subject consented or acquiesced, since the offence turns on whether the act at that time was against the subject's will.
- A record in which the relationship, the circumstances of filming, the degree of sexual content and the identifiability of the subject all point the other way, since no single circumstance decides the question.
- A charge under Article 14(1) concerning the act of filming itself, since the Court's rule fixes the time at the later distribution.
Record verification notes
Set the file against each circumstance the Court listed, from the relationship and the circumstances of filming to the identifiability of the subject and how the image was obtained and distributed, and note what shows the harm that wide dissemination online would cause. Then test the doubt the defence offers against the Court's definition: ask whether it rests on a fact incompatible with the fact to be proved and on a rational inference from circumstances favourable to the defendant, or on an abstract possibility alone. Confirm as well that the charge under the Information and Communications Network Act was pleaded in the alternative and forms one offence with the challenged charge, since the whole judgment was reversed on that footing.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 자유심증주의의 의미와 한계 / 형사재판에서 유죄를 인정하기 위한 심증형성의 정도(=합리적인 의심을 할 여지가 없을 정도) 및 여기에서 말하는 ‘합리적 의심’의 의미 [2] 성폭력범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 특례법 제14조 제2항 위반죄는 반포 등 행위 시를 기준으로 촬영대상자의 의사에 반하여 그 행위를 함으로써 성립하는지 여부(적극) 및 촬영이 촬영대상자의 의사에 반하지 아니하였더라도 마찬가지인지 여부(적극) / 촬영대상자의 신원이 파악되지 않는 등 촬영대상자의 의사를 명확히 확인할 수 없는 경우, 촬영대상자의 의사에 반하여 반포 등을 하였는지 판단하는 기준 및 이때 고려해야 할 사항
Unofficial English translation
[1] The meaning and limits of the principle of free evaluation of evidence / the degree of conviction required to find a defendant guilty in a criminal trial (= to the extent that leaves no room for reasonable doubt) and the meaning of 'reasonable doubt' referred to therein [2] Whether the offense of violation of Article 14 (2) of the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual Crimes is established on the basis of the time of the act of distribution, etc. by commission of that act against the will of the person who was the subject of the filming (affirmative), and whether the same holds true even where the filming itself was not against the will of the person who was the subject of the filming (affirmative) / the criteria for determining whether distribution, etc. was committed against the will of the person who was the subject of the filming, where the will of the person who was the subject of the filming cannot be clearly ascertained, such as where the identity of that person cannot be identified, and the matters to be considered on that occasion
Summary of the holding
[1] 증거의 증명력은 법관의 자유판단에 맡겨져 있으나 그 판단은 논리와 경험칙에 합치하여야 하고, 형사재판에서 유죄로 인정하기 위한 심증형성의 정도는 합리적인 의심을 할 여지가 없을 정도여야 하나 이는 모든 가능한 의심을 배제할 정도에 이를 것까지 요구하는 것은 아니며 증명력이 있는 것으로 인정되는 증거를 합리적인 근거가 없는 의심을 일으켜 이를 배척하는 것은 자유심증주의의 한계를 벗어나는 것으로 허용될 수 없다. 여기에서 말하는 합리적 의심이란 모든 의문, 불신을 포함하는 것이 아니라 논리와 경험칙에 기하여 요증사실과 양립할 수 없는 사실의 개연성에 대한 합리성 있는 의문을 의미하는 것으로서 피고인에게 유리한 정황을 사실인정과 관련하여 파악한 이성적 추론에 그 근거를 두어야 하는 것이므로 단순히 관념적인 의심이나 추상적인 가능성에 기초한 의심은 합리적 의심에 포함된다고 할 수 없다. [2] 성폭력범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 특례법(이하 ‘성폭력처벌법’이라 한다)은 제14조 제1항에서 ‘카메라나 그 밖에 이와 유사한 기능을 갖춘 기계장치를 이용하여 성적 욕망 또는 수치심을 유발할 수 있는 사람의 신체를 촬영대상자의 의사에 반하여 촬영’하는 행위를 처벌하면서, 같은 조 제2항에서 ‘그 촬영물 또는 복제물(이하 ‘촬영물 등’이라 한다)을 반포·판매·임대·제공 또는 공공연하게 전시·상영(이하 ‘반포 등’이라 한다)하거나 촬영 당시에는 촬영대상자의 의사에 반하지 아니한 경우에도 사후에 그 촬영물 등을 촬영대상자의 의사에 반하여 반포 등’을 하는 행위도 처벌대상으로 정하고 있다. 이와 같이 성폭력처벌법 제14조 제2항 위반죄는 반포 등 행위 시를 기준으로 촬영대상자의 의사에 반하여 그 행위를 함으로써 성립하고, 촬영이 촬영대상자의 의사에 반하지 아니하였더라도 그 성립에 지장이 없다. 촬영대상자의 신원이 파악되지 않는 등 촬영대상자의 의사를 명확히 확인할 수 없는 경우 촬영대상자의 의사에 반하여 반포 등을 하였는지 여부는, 촬영물 등을 토대로 확인할 수 있는 촬영대상자와 촬영자의 관계 및 촬영 경위, 그 내용이 성적 욕망 또는 수치심을 유발하는 정도, 촬영대상자의 특정가능성, 촬영물 등의 취득·반포 등이 이루어진 경위 등을 종합하여 판단하여야 한다. 이때 해당 촬영물 등이 인터넷 등 정보통신망을 통하여 급속도로 광범위하게 유포될 경우 피해자에게 심각한 피해와 고통을 초래할 수 있다는 점도 아울러 고려하여야 한다.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울남부지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul Southern District Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 형사소송법 제307조, 제308조 [2] 성폭력범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 특례법 제14조 제1항, 제2항
Read 2026-10-25 · Cross-read 2026-10-25. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
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