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Open Decision Ledger · Criminal & investigative procedure

Victim opinion statements filed in lieu of testimony barred as evidence of guilt

Supreme Court, Mar. 12, 2024, 2023Do11371 (judgment)

Case name: 상해(인정된죄명:강간상해)

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    May a court admit, as evidence that establishes the criminal facts, a victim's petition or other document stating the victim's opinion, filed during trial in lieu of giving an opinion under Article 134-10(1) of the Criminal Procedure Rules?

  2. Holding

    No. The court may have a victim attend a hearing and state an opinion on the degree and result of the harm, on the punishment of the defendant and on other matters under Article 294-2(2) of the Criminal Procedure Act that do not amount to admitting the criminal facts, either without witness examination or by submitting a document in lieu of stating an opinion. Those statements and documents may not be used as evidence for establishing the criminal facts, and a trial court that cites part of a petition as one reason for finding the victim credible misapprehends the law on their evidential capacity.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    다만 위 각 조항에 따른 진술과 서면은 범죄사실의 인정을 위한 증거로 할 수 없다(형사소송규칙 제134조의12).

    Unofficial English translation

    However, the statements and documents pursuant to each of the foregoing provisions may not be used as evidence for the determination of the facts of the crime (Article 134-12 of the Regulations on Criminal Procedure).
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The appeal is dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    나아가 법원은 필요하다고 인정하는 경우 직권으로 또는 피해자 등의 신청에 따라 피해자 등을 공판기일에 출석하게 하여 형사소송법 제294조의2 제2항에 정한 사항으로서 범죄사실의 인정에 해당하지 않는 사항에 관하여 증인신문에 의하지 아니하고 의견을 진술하거나 의견진술에 갈음하여 의견을 기재한 서면을 제출하게 할 수 있다

    Unofficial English translation

    Furthermore, where the court deems it necessary, it may, ex officio or upon application by the victim or others, have the victim or others attend a trial date and, with regard to matters provided in Article 294-2 (2) of the Criminal Procedure Act that do not pertain to the determination of the facts of the crime, have them state their opinions without examination as a witness or submit a document setting forth an opinion in lieu of such statement of opinion
  5. Factors

    • 형사소송법 제294조의2 제2항에 정한 사항으로서 범죄사실의 인정에 해당하지 않는 사항에 관하여
    • 증인신문에 의하지 아니하고 의견을 진술하거나 의견진술에 갈음하여 의견을 기재한 서면을 제출하게 할 수 있다
    • 위 각 조항에 따른 진술과 서면은 범죄사실의 인정을 위한 증거로 할 수 없다
    • 피해자가 제출한 탄원서의 일부 기재 내용을 적시하여 공소사실을 유죄로 판단한

    Unofficial English translation

    • With regard to matters provided in Article 294-2 (2) of the Criminal Procedure Act that do not pertain to the determination of the facts of the crime

    • may have the victim or others state their opinions without examination as a witness or submit a document setting forth an opinion in lieu of such statement of opinion

    • the statements and documents pursuant to each of the foregoing provisions may not be used as evidence for the determination of the facts of the crime

    • found the facts alleged in the indictment to be guilty by citing some of the contents of the petition submitted by the victim

  6. Relation to precedent

    Cannot be determined Not in the decision

    Decisions referred to

    해당 본문 참조

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    May a victim's petition filed in place of stating an opinion be used for a purpose short of establishing the criminal facts, such as sentencing?

    An amendment to Articles 134-10 to 134-12 of the Criminal Procedure Rules or to Article 294-2 of the Criminal Procedure Act would require this entry to be read again. So would a later Supreme Court decision addressing a use of such statements other than proving the criminal facts.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-25

A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “May a victim's petition filed in place of stating an opinion be used for a purpose short of establishing the criminal facts, such as sentencing?” vs Independent “What circumstances would make the improper use of a victim's written opinion affect the judgment's outcome and require reversal?”

The primary reading asks whether the petition may be used for sentencing, while the independent reading asks what would make the misuse affect the outcome and require reversal.

다만 위 각 조항에 따른 진술과 서면은 범죄사실의 인정을 위한 증거로 할 수 없다(형사소송규칙 제134조의12).

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The Gwangju High Court, in its judgment of 26 July 2023 ((Jeju) 2023No17), upheld the guilty finding on the charge of sexual assault causing injury, under Articles 297, 300 and 301 of the Criminal Act. Answering the defendant's claim of factual error or misapprehension of law, it treated the contents of the petition the victim filed several times during the proceedings as one of the circumstances showing that the victim's statements were credible.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the petition filed in place of stating an opinion fell under Article 134-10(1) of the Criminal Procedure Rules and could not be evidence for establishing the criminal facts, so the court below had erred in using it as evidence of guilt. It found the error harmless, because the other lawfully admitted evidence of evidential capacity was by itself sufficient to sustain the charge, and it saw no breach of the rules on credibility assessment. The claim on grouping of offences was dismissed as not raised below, and the Justices unanimously dismissed the appeal.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A victim's statement given through witness examination, where Article 294-2(1) and (2) of the Criminal Procedure Act govern and the Rules do not bar it as evidence.
  • A document whose contents go to establishing the criminal facts, so that it cannot be regarded as an opinion submitted in lieu of stating one on the matters under Article 294-2(2).
  • A case in which the remaining lawfully admitted evidence is not by itself sufficient to convict, because there the Court's finding that the error had no effect on the result cannot hold.

Record verification notes

Identify each document the victim filed, the date and what it says, and test whether it was an opinion in lieu of testimony on matters other than admitting the criminal facts. Then set aside that document and read the remaining record to see whether it still proves the charge, since the appeal was dismissed only on that footing. The grouping-of-offences point will need to have been raised as a ground of appeal below.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 법원이 피해자 등을 공판기일에 출석하게 하여 형사소송법 제294조의2 제2항에 정한 사항으로서 범죄사실의 인정에 해당하지 않는 사항에 관하여 증인신문에 의하지 아니하고 의견을 진술하거나 의견진술에 갈음하여 의견을 기재한 서면을 제출하게 한 경우, 위 진술과 서면을 유죄의 증거로 할 수 있는지 여부(소극) [2] 피고인이 피해자를 강간하려다가 피해자에게 상해를 가하였다는 강간상해의 공소사실이 제1심 및 원심에서 유죄로 인정되었고, 피해자는 제1심 및 원심에서의 재판 절차 진행 중 수회에 걸쳐 탄원서 등 피해자의 의견을 기재한 서류를 제출하였는데, 원심이 피고인의 사실오인 내지 법리오해 주장에 관하여 판단하면서, 피해자가 한 진술의 신빙성이 인정되는 사정의 하나로 피해자가 제출한 탄원서의 일부 기재 내용을 적시하여 공소사실을 유죄로 판단한 사안에서, 위 탄원서 등은 피해자가 형사소송규칙 제134조의10 제1항에 규정된 의견진술에 갈음하여 제출한 서면에 해당하여 유죄의 증거로 할 수 없다고 한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] Whether, where the court has the victim or others attend a trial date and, with regard to matters provided in Article 294-2 (2) of the Criminal Procedure Act that do not pertain to the determination of the facts of the crime, has them state their opinions without examination as a witness or submit a document setting forth an opinion in lieu of such statement of opinion, such statements and documents may be used as evidence of guilt (negative) [2] In a case where the defendant, having attempted to rape the victim, was found guilty on the indictment alleging rape resulting in injury for having caused injury to the victim in the court of first instance and the court below, and the victim, during the progress of the trial proceedings in the court of first instance and the court below, submitted a petition and other documents setting forth the victim's opinions on several occasions, and the court below, when addressing the defendant's assertion of misapprehension of facts or misapprehension of legal principles, found the facts alleged in the indictment to be guilty by citing some of the contents of the petition submitted by the victim as one of the circumstances recognizing the credibility of the statements made by the victim, the Supreme Court holding that the petition and other documents correspond to documents submitted by the victim in lieu of a statement of opinion as provided in Article 134-10 (1) of the Regulations on Criminal Procedure and thus cannot be used as evidence of guilt.

Summary of the holding

[1] 법원은 피해자 등의 신청이 있는 때에 그 피해자 등을 증인으로 신문하여야 하고(형사소송법 제294조의2 제1항), 피해자 등을 신문하는 경우 피해의 정도 및 결과, 피고인의 처벌에 관한 의견, 그 밖에 당해 사건에 관한 의견을 진술할 기회를 주어야 한다(형사소송법 제294조의2 제2항). 나아가 법원은 필요하다고 인정하는 경우 직권으로 또는 피해자 등의 신청에 따라 피해자 등을 공판기일에 출석하게 하여 형사소송법 제294조의2 제2항에 정한 사항으로서 범죄사실의 인정에 해당하지 않는 사항에 관하여 증인신문에 의하지 아니하고 의견을 진술하거나 의견진술에 갈음하여 의견을 기재한 서면을 제출하게 할 수 있다(형사소송규칙 제134조의10 제1항 및 제134조의11 제1항). 다만 위 각 조항에 따른 진술과 서면은 범죄사실의 인정을 위한 증거로 할 수 없다(형사소송규칙 제134조의12). [2] 피고인이 피해자를 강간하려다가 피해자에게 약 2주간의 치료가 필요한 상해를 가하였다는 강간상해의 공소사실이 제1심 및 원심에서 유죄로 인정되었고, 피해자는 제1심 및 원심에서의 재판 절차 진행 중 수회에 걸쳐 탄원서 등 피해자의 의견을 기재한 서류를 제출하였는데, 원심이 피고인의 사실오인 내지 법리오해 주장에 관하여 판단하면서, 피해자가 한 진술의 신빙성이 인정되는 사정의 하나로 피해자가 제출한 탄원서의 일부 기재 내용을 적시하여 공소사실을 유죄로 판단한 사안에서, 위 탄원서 등은 결국 피해자가 형사소송규칙 제134조의10 제1항에 규정된 의견진술에 갈음하여 제출한 서면에 해당하여 범죄사실의 인정을 위한 증거로 할 수 없으므로, 원심판단에는 피해자의 의견을 기재한 서면의 증거능력에 관한 법리를 오해하여 범죄사실의 인정을 위한 증거로 할 수 없는 탄원서를 유죄의 증거로 사용한 잘못이 있으나, 위와 같은 원심의 잘못은 판결 결과에 영향이 없다고 한 사례.

Order

상고를 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

The appeal is dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 형사소송법 제294조의2 제1항, 제2항, 형사소송규칙 제134조의10 제1항, 제134조의11 제1항, 제134조의12 [2] 형법 제297조, 제300조, 제301조, 형사소송법 제294조의2 제1항, 제2항, 형사소송규칙 제134조의10 제1항, 제134조의11 제1항, 제134조의12

Read 2026-10-25 · Cross-read 2026-10-25. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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