In writing only: email and e-filing

KSTGeneral information, not legal advice

Open Decision Ledger · Criminal & investigative procedure

Standards for Determining the Objective Relevance of Electronic Information Containing Sexual Visual Materials of the Same Type in Search and Seizure for Digital Sex Crimes

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, June 12, 2025, 2023Do11395 (judgment)

Case name: 아동·청소년의성보호에관한법률위반(성착취물소지등)·성폭력범죄의처벌등에관한특례법위반(카메라등이용촬영물소지등)[디지털 성범죄에서 압수수색의 혐의사실과의 객관적 관련성 인정 여부가 문제된 사건]

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Can child and youth sexual exploitation material found on a hard disk seized under a warrant issued on suspicion of possession of illegally filmed material be used as evidence of the possession offense?

  2. Holding

    If the suspected fact is a digital sex crime, a concrete and individual connection may also be recognized with electronic information relating to digital sex crimes of the same type or similar methods committed at the same or proximate time or without a temporal break, and relevance is determined on the basis of circumstances that the investigative authority knew or could have known as of the time of execution of the warrant. The Supreme Court recognized objective relevance, in light of the facts that the two acts of possession overlapped in period as continuing offenses, that the methods of committing the offenses were the same, and that the warrant stated the need to seize child sexual exploitation material, and reversed the judgment of the court below.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    그 혐의사실과 같거나 근접한 시기에 또는 시간적 단절 없이 행하는 동종 유형이나 유사한 수법의 디지털 성범죄와 관련된 전자정보

    Unofficial English translation

    electronic information related to digital sex crimes of the same type or similar methods committed at the same time as or close in time to those suspected facts, or without a break in time
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 광주고등법원에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed and the case is remanded to the Gwangju High Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    수사기관이 영장 집행 당시까지 알거나 알 수 있었던 사정에 비추어 관련성 인정 여부를 판단하여야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Whether relevance is recognized must be determined in light of circumstances that the investigative authority knew or could have known as of the time of execution of the warrant.
  5. Factors

    • 혐의사실의 내용과 성격, 압수수색의 과정 등을 토대로
    • 성적 기호 또는 경향성의 발현에 따른 일련의 범행의 일환
    • 범행의 직접증거가 스마트폰 또는 해당 매체 안에 이미지 파일이나 동영상 파일의 형태로 남아 있을 개연성
    • 수사기관이 영장 집행 당시까지 알거나 알 수 있었던 사정

    Unofficial English translation

    • based on the content and nature of the suspected facts, the process of the search and seizure, and the like

    • as part of a series of offenses arising from the manifestation of sexual preference or propensity

    • the likelihood that direct evidence of the offenses remains inside the smartphone or the relevant medium in the form of image files or video files

    • circumstances that the investigative authority knew or could have known as of the time of execution of the warrant

  6. Relation to precedent

    States a new standard Read from the decision

    이러한 법리는 스마트폰을 이용한 불법촬영 등 범죄에서뿐만 아니라

    Unofficial English translation

    Such a legal principle applies not only to crimes such as illegal filming committed using a smartphone, but also

    Decisions referred to

    대법원 2021. 11. 18. 선고 2016도348 전원합의체 판결(공2022상, 57), 대법원 2021. 11. 25. 선고 2021도10034 판결, 대법원 2025. 2. 27. 선고 2021도8284 판결(공2025상, 638)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    Even if the sexual visual material was downloaded more than one year apart and by a different route, can there be deemed to be no temporal break merely because the periods of possession overlap?

    This reading will be re-examined if the possession provisions of the Act on the Protection of Children and Youth against Sexual Abuse or the Act on Special Cases concerning the Punishment of Sexual Crimes, or the relevance requirement of Article 215 of the Criminal Procedure Act, are amended, or if a subsequent decision narrowing the scope of relevance for offenses of the same type is handed down.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

As a result of comparing an independent reading by another family of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the primary reading, 6 of the 8 axes matched, and the readings diverged on Axis 4 (Form of the test) and Axis 6 (Relation to precedent).

Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”

Because the original text sets out temporal connection and offense type so that the concrete connection is examined, the primary reading may place weight on elements, while the independent reading may place weight on the weighing of circumstances.

혐의사실의 내용과 성격, 압수수색의 과정 등을 토대로

Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “States a new standard” vs Independent “Follows earlier decisions”

Because the original text applies the legal principle relating to illegal filming to other digital sex crimes as well, the primary reading may read it as a new standard through an expansion of the scope of application, while the independent reading may read it as an application of the existing legal principle.

대법원 2025. 2. 27. 선고 2021도8284 판결(공2025상, 638)

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below held that the violation of the Act on the Protection of Children and Youth against Sexual Abuse (possession, etc. of sexual exploitation material) was a separate offense from the violation of the Act on Special Cases concerning the Punishment of Sexual Crimes (possession, etc. of visual material taken using a camera, etc.), which was the suspected fact of the warrant, in that their legislative purpose and constituent elements differ, that the download dates were approximately one year and four months apart, and that the means of downloading also differed, and that therefore there was no objective relevance. Even though the warrant stated the need to seize child sexual exploitation material, there was no investigation of that offense at the time of the application, and the investigative authority continued its search while aware that there was no relevance and did not obtain a separate warrant; accordingly, the court below held that admissibility of evidence could not exceptionally be recognized and maintained the not guilty finding as to this part.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that objective relevance was recognized in light of the circumstances at the time of execution of the warrant, citing the facts that the two offenses shared the similar characteristic of downloading illegal sexual visual material from the internet, that they were stored together on the same hard disk, that both were continuing offenses whose periods of commission overlapped for several months and whose methods of commission were the same, and that the warrant contained a reference to child sexual exploitation material. It therefore held that the seizure was lawful and, including the remaining guilty findings that stood in a relation of concurrent offenses, reversed and remanded the entire judgment of the court below.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where, apart from the fact that the seized electronic information merely concerns an offense of the same type or a similar offense as the suspected fact of the warrant, there is no concrete and individual connection
  • Where the electronic information is temporally severed from the suspected fact and the methods of committing the offenses differ, so that they cannot be regarded as a series of offenses
  • Where a crime other than a digital sex crime is the suspected fact, resulting in a search of the entirety of private electronic information

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, one needs to check the suspected fact of the warrant and the description of the objects to be seized, the overlap in the periods of the two offenses and the identity of their methods, and the circumstances that the investigative authority could have known as of the time of execution of the warrant.

From the official text

Points at issue

전자정보 또는 전자정보저장매체에 대한 압수수색에서 혐의사실과 관련된 전자정보인지 판단할 때는 구체적·개별적 연관관계를 살펴보아야 하는지 여부(적극) / 스마트폰 등을 이용한 불법촬영 등의 범죄의 경우, 그 안에 저장된 같은 유형의 전자정보에서 발견되는 간접증거나 정황증거는 혐의사실과 구체적·개별적 연관관계가 인정될 수 있는지 여부(적극) / 이러한 법리는 압수수색의 혐의사실이 디지털 성범죄인 경우에 그 혐의사실과 같거나 근접한 시기에 또는 시간적 단절 없이 행하는 동종 유형이나 유사한 수법의 디지털 성범죄와 관련된 전자정보 또는 다른 목적과 수단 관계에 있는 디지털 성범죄와 관련된 전자정보에도 적용될 수 있는지 여부(적극) / 수사기관이 영장 집행 당시까지 알거나 알 수 있었던 사정에 비추어 혐의사실과의 관련성을 판단하여야 하는지 여부(적극)

Unofficial English translation

Whether, in a search and seizure of electronic information or a medium storing electronic information, a concrete and individual connection must be examined in determining whether the electronic information is related to the suspected facts (affirmative) / Whether, in crimes such as illegal filming committed using a smartphone or the like, indirect evidence or circumstantial evidence found in electronic information of the same type stored therein may be recognized as having a concrete and individual connection with the suspected facts (affirmative) / Whether such a legal principle may also apply where the suspected facts of the search and seizure are digital sex crimes, to electronic information related to digital sex crimes of the same type or similar methods committed at the same time as or close in time to those suspected facts, or without a break in time, and to electronic information related to digital sex crimes that stand in a relationship of different purpose and means (affirmative) / Whether the relevance must be determined in light of circumstances that the investigative authority knew or could have known as of the time of execution of the warrant (affirmative)

Summary of the holding

전자정보 또는 전자정보저장매체에 대한 압수수색에서 혐의사실과 관련된 전자정보인지 여부를 판단할 때는 혐의사실의 내용과 성격, 압수수색의 과정 등을 토대로 구체적·개별적 연관관계를 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 특히 카메라의 기능과 전자정보저장매체의 기능을 함께 갖춘 스마트폰 등을 이용한 불법촬영 등의 범죄와 같이, 범죄의 속성상 해당 범행의 상습성이 의심되거나 성적 기호 또는 경향성의 발현에 따른 일련의 범행의 일환으로 이루어진 것으로 의심되고 범행의 직접증거가 스마트폰 또는 해당 매체 안에 이미지 파일이나 동영상 파일의 형태로 남아 있을 개연성이 있는 경우에는, 그 안에 저장된 같은 유형의 전자정보에서 그와 관련한 유력한 간접증거나 정황증거가 발견될 가능성이 높다는 점에서, 이러한 간접증거나 정황증거는 혐의사실과 구체적·개별적 연관관계를 인정할 수 있다. 이처럼 범죄의 대상이 된 피해자의 인격권을 현저히 침해하는 성격의 전자정보를 담고 있는 촬영물은 범죄행위로 인하여 생겼거나 취득한 것으로서 몰수의 대상이기도 하므로, 휴대전화에서 해당 전자정보를 신속히 압수수색하여 촬영물의 유통가능성을 적시에 차단함으로써 피해자를 보호해야 할 필요성이 크다. 반면 이와 같은 경우에는 간접증거나 정황증거이면서 몰수의 대상이자 압수수색의 대상인 전자정보의 유형이 이미지 파일 또는 동영상 파일 등으로 비교적 명확하게 특정될 수 있으므로, 그와 무관한 사적 전자정보 전반의 압수수색으로 이어질 가능성은 높지 않다. 이러한 법리는 스마트폰을 이용한 불법촬영 등 범죄에서뿐만 아니라, 압수수색의 혐의사실이 디지털 성범죄(예컨대 아동·청소년의 성보호에 관한 법률 제25조의2 제1항)인 경우, 그 혐의사실과 같거나 근접한 시기에 또는 시간적 단절 없이 행하는 동종 유형이나 유사한 수법의 디지털 성범죄와 관련된 전자정보 또는 다른 목적과 수단 관계에 있는(예컨대 아동·청소년성착취물을 제작하기 위한 성착취목적대화 등) 디지털 성범죄와 관련된 전자정보에도 적용될 수 있다. 한편 증거 수집단계의 관련성과 증거 사용을 위한 관련성은 구분되므로, 수사기관이 영장 집행 당시까지 알거나 알 수 있었던 사정에 비추어 관련성 인정 여부를 판단하여야 한다.

Order

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 광주고등법원에 환송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed and the case is remanded to the Gwangju High Court.

Provisions referred to

헌법 제12조 제1항, 제3항, 형사소송법 제215조, 제307조, 제308조의2, 아동·청소년의 성보호에 관한 법률 제11조, 제15조의2, 제25조의2 제1항

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

Back to the ledger
You are reading PRO SE
RISCON Labsrisconlabs.com