Open Decision Ledger · IP, data & telecommunications
Personal information handlers are not Article 19 recipients
Supreme Court, Jan. 8, 2026, 2023Do8339 (judgment)
Case name: 개인정보보호법위반·금융실명거래및비밀보장에관한법률위반
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Where a personal information controller disclosed personal information in breach of Articles 17 and 18 of the former Personal Information Protection Act, can its employees who received the data for the controller's business, and the lawyer to whom the controller handed it over, be treated as 'a person who received personal information from the controller' under Article 19 and punished under Article 71(ii)?
Holding
No. Article 19's operative subject is the third party to whom the controller transferred the power of control and management of the data under Articles 17 and 18, and its 'purpose of receipt' is a purpose connected with the cases in which disclosure to a third party is permitted, not the recipient's own subjective and one-sided aim. A personal information handler under Article 28 who receives data for performing the controller's business under its direction and supervision is not such a recipient, and where the controller's disclosure itself breached Articles 17 and 18, the recipients cannot be punished under Article 71(ii) on the strength of that breach; whether Article 71(i) or (ii) reaches them on some other basis was left undecided.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
구 개인정보 보호법 제19조에서 말하는 ‘개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보를 제공받은 자’란 같은 법 제17조, 제18조 등에 규정된 바에 따라 개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보의 지배·관리권을 이전받은 그 제3자를 의미한다.
Unofficial English translation
'A person who has been provided with personal information by a personal information controller' as used in Article 19 of the former Personal Information Protection Act means the third party who has been transferred the right to control and manage personal information from the personal information controller as prescribed in Article 17, Article 18, etc. of the same Act.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 인천지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Incheon District Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
위와 같은 법령의 체계와 문언을 종합해 보면, 구 개인정보 보호법 제19조에서 말하는 ‘개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보를 제공받은 자’란 같은 법 제17조, 제18조 등에 규정된 바에 따라 개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보의 지배·관리권을 이전받은 그 제3자를 의미한다
Unofficial English translation
Taken together with the structure and text of the statutes and regulations as stated above, 'a person who has been provided with personal information by a personal information controller' as used in Article 19 of the former Personal Information Protection Act means the third party who has been transferred the right to control and manage personal information from the personal information controller as prescribed in Article 17, Article 18, etc. of the same Act
Factors
- 임직원, 파견근로자, 시간제근로자 등 개인정보처리자의 지휘·감독을 받아 개인정보를 처리하는 자인 개인정보취급자
- 개인정보처리자의 업무 수행을 위하여 개인정보를 이전받는 경우
- 개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보의 지배·관리권을 이전받은 그 제3자를 의미한다.
- 제17조 제1항 각 호, 제17조 제3항, 제18조 제2항 각 호에서 정한 개인정보를 제3자에게 제공할 수 있는 경우와 관련이 있는 목적을 의미하고
- 그와 무관하게 제공받은 자가 가지는 주관적·일방적인 목적을 의미하는 것은 아니라고 보아야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
• Personal information handlers, such as officers or employees, dispatched workers, and part-time workers, who process personal information under the direction and supervision of a personal information controller
• Where a transfer of personal information is received for the performance of the work of the personal information controller
• Means the third party who has been transferred the right to control and manage personal information from the personal information controller.
• Means a purpose related to the cases in which personal information may be provided to a third party as provided in each subparagraph of Article 17 (1), Article 17 (3), and each subparagraph of Article 18 (2), and
• It must be regarded as not meaning a subjective, unilateral purpose held by the person who has been provided with the information, irrespective of that purpose.
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2025. 2. 13. 선고 2020도14713 판결(공2025상, 576)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2020Do14713 decided February 13, 2025 (Gong 2025 Sang, 576)
Decisions referred to
[1][2] 대법원 2025. 2. 13. 선고 2020도14713 판결(공2025상, 576)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
If a lawyer who received data from an unlawful disclosure is outside Article 19, may Article 71(i) or (ii) still punish the controller and a recipient who knew the circumstances and acted for gain or an improper purpose?
The remand judgment of the Incheon District Court will show whether the prosecution proceeds again under Article 71(i) or (ii) or drops the personal information counts. The conduct here occurred in 2019, so it is governed by the former Personal Information Protection Act as it stood before its amendment by Act No. 16930 of 4 February 2020, and this entry describes that former Act only.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
8 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24
A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on all 8 axes.
Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Incheon District Court, sitting on appeal, in its judgment of 7 June 2023 (2022No622), left standing the first-instance convictions of all three defendants under Article 19 of the former Personal Information Protection Act, and the convictions under the Financial Real-Name Transactions and Secrecy Act. Defendant 1 was the chairman and Defendant 2 the deputy manager of a Saemaul Geumgo, the controller of the data, and in August and early September 2019 its consolidated member transaction certificate and customer available amount enquiry were sent to Defendant 3, the lawyer the Saemaul Geumgo had retained, without the seven dismissed workers' consent. On 4 September 2019 Defendant 3 attached those materials to a written preparation and filed them with the court in the workers' provisional attachment case.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that Defendants 1 and 2 were handlers processing the data under the Saemaul Geumgo's direction and supervision and not recipients, and that the handover to Defendant 3 was not a disclosure meeting the requirements of Article 17 or Article 18, so that neither could be treated as the operative subject of Article 19, applying Supreme Court Decision 2020Do14713. It found that the court below had misread the meaning of that subject with an error affecting the judgment; because those counts stood in ideal concurrence or concurrence under Article 37, first clause, of the Criminal Act with the remaining convictions for which one sentence had been imposed, the whole judgment was reversed. The convictions under the Financial Real-Name Transactions and Secrecy Act were left undisturbed, that court having breached no bounds of free evaluation and misapprehended neither 'another person' under Article 4(1) of that Act nor the law on co-prisoners.
Distinguishing conditions
- A recipient to whom the controller transferred the power of control and management of the data under Article 17 or Article 18, so that the disclosure itself was lawful.
- An employee or dispatched worker who is nevertheless a third party outside the controller's direction and supervision, since the decision relied on that subordination.
- A charge resting on the controller's own breach of Article 17 or 18 rather than on the recipient's use beyond the purpose of receipt, which the decision left undecided.
Record verification notes
Identify first who the personal information controller of the data is and whether the accused stood in its direction and supervision, since the whole analysis turns on that. Then check whether the disclosure met the requirements of Article 17(1) and (3) or Article 18(2), which the decision names as the cases in which a controller may disclose to a third party or use data for another purpose. Keep the Financial Real-Name Transactions and Secrecy Act count apart: it was upheld here and its treatment does not depend on this reading of Article 19.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 임직원, 파견근로자, 시간제근로자 등 개인정보처리자의 지휘·감독을 받아 개인정보를 처리하는 자인 개인정보취급자가 개인정보처리자의 업무 수행을 위하여 개인정보를 이전받는 경우, 구 개인정보 보호법 제19조에서 정한 ‘개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보를 제공받은 자’에 해당하는지 여부(소극) [2] 구 개인정보 보호법 제19조에서 말하는 ‘개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보를 제공받은 자’의 의미(=같은 법 제17조, 제18조 등에 규정된 바에 따라 개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보의 지배·관리권을 이전받은 그 제3자) 및 ‘제공받은 목적’의 의미(=같은 법 제17조 제1항 각 호, 제3항, 제18조 제2항 각 호에서 정한 개인정보를 제3자에게 제공할 수 있는 경우와 관련이 있는 목적) / 개인정보처리자가 구 개인정보 보호법 제17조, 제18조를 위반하여 개인정보를 제공한 경우, 그 개인정보를 제공받은 자를 같은 법 제19조의 ‘개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보를 제공받은 자’에 해당한다고 보아 그 위반을 이유로 같은 법 제71조 제2호로 처벌할 수 있는지 여부(소극)
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether, where a personal information handler, such as an officer or employee, dispatched worker, or part-time worker, who processes personal information under the direction and supervision of a personal information controller, receives a transfer of personal information for the performance of the work of the personal information controller, he or she falls under a 'person who has been provided with personal information by a personal information controller' as provided in Article 19 of the former Personal Information Protection Act (negative) [2] The meaning of 'a person who has been provided with personal information by a personal information controller' as used in Article 19 of the former Personal Information Protection Act (= the third party who has been transferred the right to control and manage personal information from the personal information controller as prescribed in Article 17, Article 18, etc. of the same Act) and the meaning of 'the purpose for which it was provided' (= a purpose related to the cases in which personal information may be provided to a third party as provided in each subparagraph of Article 17 (1), Article 17 (3), and each subparagraph of Article 18 (2) of the same Act) / Whether, where a personal information controller provides personal information in violation of Article 17 or Article 18 of the former Personal Information Protection Act, the person who has been provided with such personal information may be regarded as falling under 'a person who has been provided with personal information by a personal information controller' in Article 19 of the same Act and punished under Article 71, subparagraph 2 of the same Act on the ground of such violation (negative)
Summary of the holding
[1] 구 개인정보 보호법(2020. 2. 4. 법률 제16930호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제71조 제2호는 ‘제19조를 위반하여 개인정보를 이용하거나 제3자에게 제공한 자’를 처벌하도록 규정하고, 제19조는 "개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보를 제공받은 자는 정보주체로부터 별도의 동의를 받은 경우나 다른 법률에 특별한 규정이 있는 경우를 제외하고는 개인정보를 제공받은 목적 외의 용도로 이용하거나 이를 제3자에게 제공하여서는 아니 된다."라고 규정한다. 그런데 임직원, 파견근로자, 시간제근로자 등 개인정보처리자의 지휘·감독을 받아 개인정보를 처리하는 자인 개인정보취급자(같은 법 제28조)가 개인정보처리자의 업무 수행을 위하여 개인정보를 이전받는 경우 위와 같은 개인정보취급자는 ‘개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보를 제공받은 자’에 해당하지 않는다. [2] 구 개인정보 보호법(2020. 2. 4. 법률 제16930호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 같다)은 제15조, 제16조에서 개인정보처리자의 개인정보 수집·이용에 관하여 규정하고, 제17조에서 개인정보처리자가 수집한 개인정보를 제3자에게 제공할 수 있는 경우를 규정하며, 제18조 제2항에서 개인정보처리자가 개인정보를 목적 외의 용도로 이용하거나 이를 제3자에게 제공할 수 있는 경우를 규정한다. 제19조에서는 ‘개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보를 제공받은 자’를 수범자로 하여 정보주체로부터 별도의 동의를 받거나 다른 법률에 특별한 규정이 있는 경우를 제외하고는 개인정보를 제공받은 목적 외의 용도로 이용하거나 이를 제3자에게 제공하여서는 아니 된다고 규정하고 있다. 위와 같은 법령의 체계와 문언을 종합해 보면, 구 개인정보 보호법 제19조에서 말하는 ‘개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보를 제공받은 자’란 같은 법 제17조, 제18조 등에 규정된 바에 따라 개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보의 지배·관리권을 이전받은 그 제3자를 의미한다. 그리고 구 개인정보 보호법 제19조의 ‘제공받은 목적’은 같은 법 제17조 제1항 각 호, 제17조 제3항, 제18조 제2항 각 호에서 정한 개인정보를 제3자에게 제공할 수 있는 경우와 관련이 있는 목적을 의미하고, 그와 무관하게 제공받은 자가 가지는 주관적·일방적인 목적을 의미하는 것은 아니라고 보아야 한다. 개인정보처리자가 개인정보를 수집한 후 이를 제3자에게 제공함으로써 개인정보의 지배·관리권이 이전된다면 해당 개인정보는 그 제공의 이유나 의도에 부합하도록 이용되어야 하기 때문이다. 따라서 개인정보처리자가 구 개인정보 보호법 제17조, 제18조를 위반하여 개인정보를 제공한 경우, 개인정보처리자 및 그 사정을 알면서도 영리 또는 부정한 목적으로 그 개인정보를 제공받은 자에 대하여 그 위반을 이유로 같은 법 제71조 제1호 또는 제2호로 처벌할 수 있는지 여부는 별론으로 하더라도, 구 개인정보 보호법 제19조의 ‘개인정보처리자로부터 개인정보를 제공받은 자’에 해당한다고 보아 그 위반을 이유로 같은 법 제71조 제2호로 처벌할 수는 없다.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 인천지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Incheon District Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 구 개인정보 보호법(2020. 2. 4. 법률 제16930호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제19조, 제28조, 제71조 제2호 / [2] 구 개인정보 보호법(2020. 2. 4. 법률 제16930호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제15조, 제16조, 제17조, 제18조, 제19조, 제71조 제1호, 제2호
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