Open Decision Ledger · Civil obligations & remedies
Excluding paid distribution and execution costs from value compensation
Supreme Court, Aug. 14, 2025, 2024Da242223 (judgment)
Case name: 사해행위취소[배당요구 종기 이후 이루어진 경매 목적물 양도행위에 대하여 사해행위 취소 및 원상회복을 청구하는 사건]
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Where a sale or other transfer of real property subject to a lien registration made under an auction start decision is made after the deadline for claiming distribution and is revoked as a fraudulent conveyance, must the part of the property's value corresponding to the distribution paid to a creditor under a confirmed distribution schedule, together with execution costs, be excluded from the value compensation?
Holding
Yes, in principle. Where a real-property act is found to be a fraudulent conveyance and, because the property cannot be returned in kind, compensation equal to its value is ordered as performance of the duty to restore, it must be ordered only within the range in which the property formed common security for general creditors, and any part outside that range is excluded from the compensation. Where such a transfer under a lien registration made under an auction start decision was made after the deadline for claiming distribution, the part of the value corresponding to the distribution paid under the confirmed distribution schedule, together with the execution costs, is in the absence of special circumstances not common security and must be excluded when the compensation is fixed.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
그 양도행위가 배당요구의 종기가 지난 후 이루어진 것이라면 확정된 배당표에 의하여 채권자에게 지급하는 배당금에 상당하는 부분은 집행비용과 함께 특별한 사정이 없는 한 일반채권자의 공동담보로 되어 있지 않은 것이어서 가액배상의 범위를 정할 때 제외되어야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
If that act of transfer occurred after the deadline for filing claims for distribution had passed, the portion corresponding to the distribution amount paid to the creditor under the finalized distribution table does not, together with the execution expenses and in the absence of special circumstances, constitute the common security of general creditors, and therefore must be excluded when determining the scope of the compensation in an amount equivalent to the value.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울동부지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul Dongbu District Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
일반채권자의 공동담보로 되어 있어 사해행위가 성립하는 범위 내에서 가액배상을 명하여야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
As it constitutes the common security of general creditors, compensation in an amount equivalent to the value must be ordered within the scope in which the fraudulent act is established.
Factors
- 일반채권자의 공동담보로 되어 있어 사해행위가 성립하는 범위 내에서 가액배상을 명하여야 한다
- 그 양도행위가 배당요구의 종기가 지난 후 이루어진 것이라면
- 배당요구의 종기 후에는 채권자 평등의 원칙이 제한되는 이상
- 적법한 배당요구를 하지 않은 일반채권자의 경우에는 매각대금으로부터 배당을 받을 수 없으며, 집행비용은 우선적으로 변상을 받으므로
- 집행비용과 함께 특별한 사정이 없는 한 일반채권자의 공동담보로 되어 있지 않은
Unofficial English translation
• as it constitutes the common security of general creditors, compensation in an amount equivalent to the value must be ordered within the scope in which the fraudulent act is established
• if that act of transfer occurred after the deadline for filing claims for distribution had passed
• since, after the deadline for filing claims for distribution, the principle of equality among creditors is limited
• in the case of a general creditor who has not made a lawful claim for distribution, the creditor cannot receive distribution from the sale proceeds, and the execution expenses are reimbursed on a priority basis, so
• does not, together with the execution expenses and in the absence of special circumstances, constitute the common security of general creditors
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2003. 12. 12. 선고 2003다40286 판결(공2004상, 123)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2003Da40286 decided December 12, 2003 (Gong 2004 Sang, 123)
Decisions referred to
대법원 2003. 12. 12. 선고 2003다40286 판결(공2004상, 123)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
What circumstances are special enough to keep the part of the value already paid out to a creditor under the confirmed distribution schedule within the common security of general creditors?
The remand judgment will show how the value is calculated from the amount to be distributed once execution costs and the priority distributions are taken out, and what the parties offered as special circumstances. A later decision defining what counts as a special circumstance under this rule, or an amendment to Article 53(1), Article 84, Article 88(1) or Article 148(ii) of the Civil Execution Act, would require this entry to be read again.
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Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Seoul Eastern District Court, in its judgment of 17 April 2024 (2022Na32271), fixed the range of book assets serving as common security among general creditors without excluding the execution costs repaid with priority in the compulsory auction and the distribution paid to the applying creditor. On that basis it revoked the sale contract of 28 November 2018 within the limit of the plaintiff's claim to be preserved, KRW 182,760,000, and ordered the defendant to pay value compensation of KRW 182,760,000.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the court below had misread the law on the calculation of book assets in an action to revoke a fraudulent conveyance and that the error affected the judgment, and it reversed the whole judgment and remanded the case to the Seoul Eastern District Court. It added, as a point to note, that because the object of the fraudulent conveyance had been sold in the auction, the defendant's return of the original property was in principle impossible and the whole security value existed as the amount to be distributed, so calculating the value of the building from that amount would be the correct approach.
Distinguishing conditions
- A transfer made before the deadline for claiming distribution, since the exclusion turns on a transfer made after that deadline.
- Special circumstances showing that the part paid out under the confirmed distribution schedule still serves as common security among general creditors.
- A case in which the transferred property can still be returned in kind, since value compensation is ordered only where return in kind is impossible or the like.
Record verification notes
Set the confirmed distribution schedule against the value figure: of KRW 1,065,851,326 to be distributed, execution costs of KRW 6,529,516 came out first, and KRW 340,000,000 went to the tenant with priority, KRW 2,012,770 to the lienholder, KRW 545,732,877 to the applying creditor, and KRW 171,576,163 as surplus to the third-party acquirer. Check whether the general creditor seeking revocation took part in the distribution by the deadline, since the Court reasoned from the position of general creditors who did not participate. Gather any circumstance said to make the paid portion still common security, since the exclusion applies only where there are no special circumstances.
From the official text
Points at issue
부동산에 관한 법률행위가 사해행위로 인정되어 취소되고, 원물반환이 불가능하여 사해행위 목적물 가액 상당의 배상을 명하는 경우, 그 가액배상의 범위 / 경매개시결정에 따른 압류 등기가 마쳐진 부동산에 관한 매매 등 양도행위가 배당요구의 종기가 지난 후 이루어진 경우, 확정된 배당표에 의하여 채권자에게 지급하는 배당금 상당 부분은 집행비용과 함께 일반채권자의 공동담보로 되어 있지 않은 것이어서 가액배상의 범위를 정할 때 제외되어야 하는지 여부(원칙적 적극)
Unofficial English translation
Where a juristic act concerning real property is recognized as a fraudulent act and rescinded, and, as return of the original thing is impossible, compensation in an amount equivalent to the value of the object of the fraudulent act is ordered, the scope of such compensation in an amount equivalent to the value / where a sale or other act of transfer concerning real property for which a registration of attachment under an auction commencement decision has been made occurs after the deadline for filing claims for distribution has passed, whether the portion corresponding to the distribution amount paid to the creditor under the finalized distribution table does not, together with the execution expenses, constitute the common security of general creditors and therefore should be excluded when determining the scope of the compensation in an amount equivalent to the value (in principle, affirmative)
Summary of the holding
어느 부동산에 관한 법률행위가 사해행위로 인정되어 취소되고, 원물반환의 불가능 등의 사정으로 원상회복의무의 이행으로서 사해행위 목적물 가액 상당의 배상을 명하는 경우, 일반채권자의 공동담보로 되어 있어 사해행위가 성립하는 범위 내에서 가액배상을 명하여야 한다. 따라서 가액배상의 범위를 정할 때 일반채권자의 공동담보로 되어 있지 않은 부분은 배상의 범위에서 제외되어야 한다. 이는 경매개시결정에 따른 압류 등기가 마쳐진 부동산에 관한 매매 등 양도행위가 사해행위로서 취소될 때에도 마찬가지이므로, 그 양도행위가 배당요구의 종기가 지난 후 이루어진 것이라면 확정된 배당표에 의하여 채권자에게 지급하는 배당금에 상당하는 부분은 집행비용과 함께 특별한 사정이 없는 한 일반채권자의 공동담보로 되어 있지 않은 것이어서 가액배상의 범위를 정할 때 제외되어야 한다. 민사집행법은 매각절차의 안정적이고 효율적인 운영을 위하여 배당요구의 종기를 두고 있고(민사집행법 제84조), 민사집행법 제148조에서 정한 바에 따라 배당요구를 하지 않아도 당연히 배당에 참가할 수 있는 사람 외에 다른 채권자들은 배당요구의 종기까지 배당요구를 한 경우에 한하여 비로소 배당을 받을 수 있는 등 배당요구의 종기 후에는 채권자 평등의 원칙이 제한되는 이상(민사집행법 제88조 제1항, 제148조 제2호), 배당요구 종기 후에 이루어진 사해행위가 취소되는 경우에는 이러한 집행절차의 특성을 고려하여 공동담보 해당 여부를 판단하여야 하기 때문이다. 즉, 집행력 있는 정본을 가진 채권자, 경매개시결정이 등기된 뒤에 가압류를 한 채권자, 민법·상법, 그 밖의 법률에 따라 우선변제청구권이 있는 채권자는 배당요구의 종기까지 배당요구를 한 경우에 한하여 비로소 배당을 받을 수 있고(민사집행법 제88조 제1항, 제148조 제2호), 적법한 배당요구를 하지 않은 일반채권자의 경우에는 매각대금으로부터 배당을 받을 수 없으며, 집행비용은 우선적으로 변상을 받으므로(민사집행법 제53조 제1항), 사해행위 목적물의 가액 중 경매법원이 확정된 배당표에 의하여 채권자에게 지급하는 배당금에 상당하는 부분은 집행비용과 함께 특별한 사정이 없는 한 배당요구 종기까지 배당에 참여하지 아니한 다른 일반채권자에 대한 관계에서 공동담보로서 기능한다고 볼 수 없다.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울동부지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul Dongbu District Court.
Provisions referred to
민법 제406조 제1항, 제407조, 민사집행법 제53조 제1항, 제84조, 제88조 제1항, 제148조 제2호
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