Open Decision Ledger · Rehabilitation & bankruptcy
Succession to a bankruptcy dividend claim by attachment and turnover order
Supreme Court, Nov. 13, 2025, 2024Da298448 (judgment)
Case name: 채권조사확정재판에대한이의의소
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Does a third party that received an attachment and turnover order over a bankruptcy creditor's claim to payment of a distribution thereby succeed to part of the subject matter of a claim-examination judgment or of an action objecting to it, so that it may intervene by succession and bring that action in its own name?
Holding
No. The claim to payment of a distribution reflects the principals of many kinds of bankruptcy claims together with interest and delayed damages up to the day before the bankruptcy declaration, so the character of the original claim is not necessarily preserved, and performance of the concrete payment obligation that arises when the distribution rate is fixed and notified is the trustee's duty rather than the debtor's. The Court also held that an application to intervene by succession is a kind of filing of suit and its requirements are requirements of the proceedings, so a defect in them must be dealt with by a judgment dismissing the application after argument. For an independent party intervention of the rights-asserting kind, the plaintiff's main claim and the intervener's claim must be mutually exclusive on their own terms.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
따라서 파산채권자의 배당금지급청구권에 관하여 압류 및 전부명령을 받은 제3자는, 파산채권자가 당사자인 채권조사확정재판 또는 그에 대한 이의의 소가 법원에 계속 중이라 하더라도 그 소송목적인 권리 또는 의무의 전부나 일부를 승계하였다고 볼 수 없다.
Unofficial English translation
Accordingly, a third party who has obtained an attachment and assignment order against a bankruptcy claimant's right to demand payment of distribution cannot be regarded as having succeeded to all or part of the right or obligation that is the subject of the action, even where a claim confirmation proceeding in which the bankruptcy claimant is a party, or an action of objection thereto, is pending in court.
Disposition
Dismissed Stated in the decision
상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고(선정당사자)들이 부담한다.
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed. The appeal costs shall be borne by the plaintiffs (selected parties).
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
이러한 승계참가신청은 일종의 소제기에 해당하고 그 참가요건은 소송요건에 해당하므로, 참가요건에 흠이 있는 때에는 변론을 거쳐 판결로 참가신청을 각하하여야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
Such an application for succession intervention constitutes a kind of filing of an action, and the requirements for such intervention correspond to requirements of action; accordingly, where there is a defect in the requirements for intervention, the court must hear oral argument and dismiss the application for intervention on procedural grounds by judgment.
Factors
- 원래 채권의 성격이 반드시 그대로 유지된다고 보기 어렵다
- 파산재단을 대표한 파산관재인의 의무이지 파산채무자의 의무가 아니다
- 참가요건에 흠이 있는 때에는 변론을 거쳐 판결로 참가신청을 각하하여야 한다
- 을 회사에 대한 파산채권과 파산관재인에 대한 배당금지급청구권은 동일하지 않으므로
- 원고의 본소청구와 독립당사자참가인의 청구가 주장 자체에서 양립할 수 없는 관계라고 볼 수 있는 경우에 허용된다
Unofficial English translation
• it is difficult to regard the nature of the original claim as necessarily remaining unchanged
• it is an obligation of the bankruptcy trustee representing the bankruptcy estate, not an obligation of the bankrupt debtor
• where there is a defect in the requirements for intervention, the court must hear oral argument and dismiss the application for intervention on procedural grounds by judgment
• since the bankruptcy claim against Company B and the right to demand payment of distribution against the bankruptcy trustee are not identical
• it is permitted in cases where the plaintiff's principal claim and the independent intervenor's claim can be regarded as being in a mutually irreconcilable relationship on their face
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2005. 8. 19. 선고 2003다22042 판결(공2005하, 1486)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2003Da22042 pronounced August 19, 2005 (Gong 2005 Ha, 1486)
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2007. 8. 23. 자 2006마1171 결정, 대법원 2012. 4. 26. 선고 2011다85789 판결 / [2] 대법원 2005. 8. 19. 선고 2003다22042 판결(공2005하, 1486) / [4] 대법원 2017. 4. 26. 선고 2014다221777, 221784 판결(공2017상, 1084)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Where a court allows an intervention application without recording any ruling on its lawfulness in the operative part or the reasons, what remedy does the party shut out of the proceedings have against that silence?
A later decision holding that an attachment and turnover order over the bankruptcy claim itself carries the right to object to a claim-examination ruling would require this entry to be read again. Any amendment to Article 81 of the Civil Procedure Act or to Article 463(1) of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act would do the same.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24
A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).
Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Where a court allows an intervention application without recording any ruling on its lawfulness in the operative part or the reasons, what remedy does the party shut out of the proceedings have against that silence?” vs Independent “What other procedural means, if any, are available to the assignee of a distribution payment claim to protect its interest in the determination of the underlying bankruptcy claim?”
The primary reading asks what remedy a party shut out of proceedings has when the court silently admits an intervention. The independent reading asks what other procedural means the assignee can use to protect its interest in the underlying claim determination.
따라서 파산채권자의 배당금지급청구권에 관하여 압류 및 전부명령을 받은 제3자는, 파산채권자가 당사자인 채권조사확정재판 또는 그에 대한 이의의 소가 법원에 계속 중이라 하더라도 그 소송목적인 권리 또는 의무의 전부나 일부를 승계하였다고 볼 수 없다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Seoul High Court, in its judgment of 6 September 2024 (2023Na2036139), held that what the non-party company had transferred to the plaintiffs by the attachment and turnover order of 29 November 2016 was not part of the bankruptcy claim of KRW 33,250,420,000 it had filed in the bankruptcy of the debtor company, but its claim to payment of a distribution against the trustee in bankruptcy. A bankruptcy claim against the debtor and a distribution claim against the trustee are not identical, so the plaintiffs had not acquired and held the claim objecting to the ruling through that order, their application to intervene by succession in the claim-examination proceedings was unlawful, and they had no standing to bring an action objecting to the claim-examination ruling under Article 463(1) of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act. The court below further held that the plaintiffs had asserted only that they had received the distribution claim, not that the claim objecting to the ruling was theirs, and that this claim could coexist with the non-party company's claim for confirmation of its bankruptcy claim, so their independent party intervention was unlawful and so was the action.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court found no error of law. It held that the court below had not misread the requirements for intervention by succession or the standing to bring an action objecting to the claim-examination ruling, and had not misread the requirements for independent party intervention. On the argument that the application was an intervention in joint-litigation accessory proceedings, it said that some parts of the appellate reasons were not entirely apt, but the conclusion was right, since a legal interest in the outcome of the claim-examination ruling does not mean that the effect of the ruling falls directly on the plaintiffs.
Distinguishing conditions
- A case in which the attachment and turnover order reaches the bankruptcy claim itself as filed against the debtor, so that the transferred right and the claim in the proceedings are the same.
- A case in which the requirements for intervention by succession are met, since dismissal by judgment follows only where there is a defect in them.
- A case in which the intervener's claim and the main claim cannot coexist on their own terms, which is what the rights-asserting kind of independent party intervention requires.
Record verification notes
Read the attachment and turnover order first to see exactly which right it covers, a bankruptcy claim against the debtor or a distribution claim against the trustee, since the whole outcome turns on that difference. Then check whether the party that filed the original claim raised the objection itself, as the non-party company did not here, and whether the claim-examination ruling recorded any ruling on the intervention application, as the ruling of 13 February 2020 did not.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 승계참가신청의 참가요건에 흠이 있는 경우, 변론을 거쳐 판결로 참가신청을 각하하여야 하는지 여부(적극) [2] 파산채권자의 배당금지급청구권에 관하여 압류 및 전부명령을 받은 제3자가, 파산채권자가 당사자인 채권조사확정재판 또는 그에 대한 이의의 소가 법원에 계속 중인 경우 그 소송목적인 권리 또는 의무의 전부나 일부를 승계하였다고 볼 수 있는지 여부(소극) [3] 갑 주식회사가 을 주식회사의 파산절차에서 대여금채권을 파산채권으로 신고하였으나 파산관재인이 채권 전액에 대하여 이의하자 채권조사확정재판을 신청하였는데, 갑 회사의 채권자인 병 등이 ‘갑 회사가 파산절차에서 가지는 배당금지급청구권’에 관하여 채권압류 및 전부명령을 받은 후 채권조사확정재판에서 채권압류 및 전부명령에 의하여 갑 회사의 권리를 승계하였다고 주장하며 승계참가신청을 하였고, 그 후 채권조사확정재판에 대하여 이의의 소를 제기한 사안에서, 채권조사확정재판에서 한 병 등의 승계참가신청은 부적법하고, 병 등에게는 채권조사확정재판에 대한 이의의 소를 제기할 당사자적격이 없다고 본 원심판단을 수긍한 사례 [4] 독립당사자참가 중 권리주장참가가 허용되기 위해서는 원고의 본소청구와 독립당사자참가인의 청구가 주장 자체에서 양립할 수 없는 관계라고 볼 수 있어야 하는지 여부(적극)
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether, where there is a defect in the requirements for an application for succession intervention, the court must hear oral argument and dismiss the application for intervention on procedural grounds by judgment (affirmative) [2] Whether a third party who has obtained an attachment and assignment order against a bankruptcy claimant's right to demand payment of distribution may be regarded as having succeeded to all or part of the right or obligation that is the subject of the action, even where a claim confirmation proceeding in which the bankruptcy claimant is a party, or an action of objection thereto, is pending in court (negative) [3] A case in which Company A filed a loan receivable as a bankruptcy claim in Company B's bankruptcy proceedings, and, upon the bankruptcy trustee objecting to the entire amount of the claim, filed an application for a claim confirmation proceeding; C and others, creditors of Company A, after obtaining an attachment of claim and assignment order against 'Company A's right to demand payment of distribution in the bankruptcy proceedings,' asserted in the claim confirmation proceeding that they had succeeded to Company A's rights by virtue of the claim attachment and assignment order and filed an application for succession intervention, and thereafter brought an action of objection against the claim confirmation proceeding; and the Supreme Court affirmed the determination of the court below that the application for succession intervention filed by C and others in the claim confirmation proceeding was unlawful and that C and others lacked party standing to bring an action of objection against the claim confirmation proceeding [4] Whether, for intervention asserting an independent claim among independent party interventions to be permitted, the plaintiff's principal claim and the independent intervenor's claim must be capable of being regarded as being in a mutually irreconcilable relationship on their face (affirmative)
Summary of the holding
[1] 소송이 법원에 계속되어 있는 동안에 제3자가 소송목적인 권리 또는 의무의 전부나 일부를 승계한 경우 그 제3자는 소송이 계속된 법원에 승계참가신청을 할 수 있다(민사소송법 제81조). 이러한 승계참가신청은 일종의 소제기에 해당하고 그 참가요건은 소송요건에 해당하므로, 참가요건에 흠이 있는 때에는 변론을 거쳐 판결로 참가신청을 각하하여야 한다. [2] 파산채권자의 배당금지급청구권에는 다양한 종류의 파산채권 원본과 그에 대한 파산선고 전일까지의 이자 및 지연손해금을 합산한 채권이 모두 반영되어 있어, 원래 채권의 성격이 반드시 그대로 유지된다고 보기 어렵다. 배당절차는 금전화 및 현재화를 거친 파산채권 원금 및 파산선고 이전까지의 지연손해금에 관하여 배당재원 범위 내에서 각 채권의 비율에 따라 분배하는 절차로서, 배당률을 정하여 통지함으로써 발생한 구체적 배당금지급채무의 이행은 파산재단을 대표한 파산관재인의 의무이지 파산채무자의 의무가 아니다. 따라서 파산채권자의 배당금지급청구권에 관하여 압류 및 전부명령을 받은 제3자는, 파산채권자가 당사자인 채권조사확정재판 또는 그에 대한 이의의 소가 법원에 계속 중이라 하더라도 그 소송목적인 권리 또는 의무의 전부나 일부를 승계하였다고 볼 수 없다. [3] 갑 주식회사가 을 주식회사의 파산절차에서 대여금채권을 파산채권으로 신고하였으나 파산관재인이 채권 전액에 대하여 이의하자 채권조사확정재판을 신청하였는데, 갑 회사의 채권자인 병 등이 ‘갑 회사가 파산절차에서 가지는 배당금지급청구권’에 관하여 채권압류 및 전부명령을 받은 후 채권조사확정재판에서 채권압류 및 전부명령에 의하여 갑 회사의 권리를 승계하였다고 주장하며 승계참가신청을 하였고, 그 후 채권조사확정재판에 대하여 이의의 소를 제기한 사안에서, 병 등이 채권압류 및 전부명령에 의하여 이전받은 채권은 갑 회사가 을 회사에 대하여 가지는 파산채권 중 일부가 아니라 파산절차에서 파산관재인에 대하여 가지는 배당금지급청구권인데, 을 회사에 대한 파산채권과 파산관재인에 대한 배당금지급청구권은 동일하지 않으므로 병 등이 채권압류 및 전부명령을 통해 이의채권을 취득·보유하게 되었다고 볼 수 없다는 이유로, 채권조사확정재판에서 한 병 등의 승계참가신청은 부적법하고, 병 등에게는 자신들이 직접 당사자가 되어 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제463조 제1항에 따라 채권조사확정재판에 대한 이의의 소를 제기할 당사자적격이 없다고 본 원심판단을 수긍한 사례. [4] 민사소송법 제79조에 규정된 독립당사자참가는, 다른 사람 사이에 소송이 계속 중일 때 소송목적의 전부나 일부가 자기의 권리라고 주장하거나 소송결과에 따라 권리가 침해된다고 주장하는 제3자가 당사자로서 소송에 참가하여 세 당사자 사이에 서로 대립하는 권리 또는 법률관계를 하나의 판결로써 모순 없이 일시에 해결하려는 것이다. 따라서 독립당사자참가 중 권리주장참가는 원고의 본소청구와 독립당사자참가인의 청구가 주장 자체에서 양립할 수 없는 관계라고 볼 수 있는 경우에 허용된다.
Order
상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고(선정당사자)들이 부담한다.
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed. The appeal costs shall be borne by the plaintiffs (selected parties).
Provisions referred to
[1] 민사소송법 제81조 / [2] 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제33조, 제447조 제1항, 제462조 제1항, 제463조 제1항, 민사소송법 제81조, 민사집행법 제223조, 제229조 / [3] 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제33조, 제447조 제1항, 제462조 제1항, 제463조 제1항, 민사소송법 제81조, 민사집행법 제223조, 제229조 / [4] 민사소송법 제79조
Read 2026-10-24 · Cross-read 2026-10-24. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.
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