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Open Decision Ledger · Civil obligations & remedies

A landlord's own business plan as no lawful reason to refuse a new tenant

Supreme Court, Nov. 20, 2025, 2024Da305605 (judgment)

Case name: 건물인도·손해배상(기)

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where a landlord refuses to conclude a lease with a new tenant whom the tenant has arranged, on the ground that the landlord plans to operate the premises itself, is that a refusal without a lawful reason under Article 10-4(1)(iv) of the Act on the Protection of Lease Transactions for Commercial Buildings, and may the tenant claim damages although no new tenant was in fact introduced?

  2. Holding

    In principle a tenant must have introduced a person willing to become a new tenant in order to claim damages for interference with the recovery of the key money. Where, without lawful reason, the landlord has definitively shown that it will not conclude a lease even with a person the tenant introduces, requiring the tenant to make an introduction would force a useless act; in that special circumstance the refusal itself falls within Article 10-4(1)(iv) and the tenant may claim under Article 10-4(3). Whether the landlord showed that intent definitively is judged by weighing the words and conduct of both sides around the end of the lease and the concrete circumstances surrounding them.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    이와 같은 특별한 사정이 있다면 임차인이 실제로 신규임차인을 주선하지 않았더라도 임대인의 위와 같은 거절행위는 상가건물 임대차보호법 제10조의4 제1항 제4호에서 정한 거절행위에 해당한다고 보아야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    If such special circumstances exist, the landlord's act of refusal as described above must be regarded as an act of refusal provided in Article 10-4 (1) 4 of the Commercial Building Lease Protection Act, even though the lessee did not actually arrange a new lessee.
  3. Disposition

    Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결 중 반소에 관한 피고(반소원고) 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 울산지방법원에 환송한다. 나머지 상고를 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The portion of the judgment of the court below in which the defendant (counterclaim plaintiff) lost on the counterclaim is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Ulsan District Court. The rest of the final appeal is dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Circumstances weighed Stated in the decision

    임대인이 위와 같이 정당한 사유 없이 임차인이 주선할 신규임차인이 되려는 자와 임대차계약을 체결할 의사가 없음을 확정적으로 표시하였는지는 임대차계약이 종료될 무렵 신규임차인의 주선과 관련해서 임대인과 임차인이 보인 언행과 태도, 이를 둘러싼 구체적인 사정 등을 종합적으로 살펴서 판단하여야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Whether the landlord has definitively expressed, without a justifiable ground as described above, that it has no intention of concluding a lease agreement with a person seeking to become a new lessee whom the lessee will arrange must be determined by comprehensively examining the words, conduct, and attitudes shown by the landlord and the lessee in connection with the arrangement of a new lessee around the time of the termination of the lease agreement, and the specific circumstances surrounding these.
  5. Factors

    • 임대인이 스스로 영업할 계획이라는 이유만으로
    • 정당한 사유 없이 임차인이 신규임차인이 되려는 자를 주선하더라도 그와 임대차계약을 체결하지 않겠다는 의사를 확정적으로 표시하였다면
    • 불필요한 행위를 강요하는 결과가 되어 부당하다
    • 임대차계약이 종료될 무렵 신규임차인의 주선과 관련해서 임대인과 임차인이 보인 언행과 태도, 이를 둘러싼 구체적인 사정 등을 종합적으로 살펴서
    • 임대차계약 종료 약 10개월 전부터 을에게 임대차계약 종료 후에는 신규임차인과 임대차계약을 체결하지 않고 자신들이 위 상가를 직접 이용할 계획이라고 밝힘으로써

    Unofficial English translation

    • On the sole ground that the landlord plans to operate the business itself

    • If, without a justifiable ground, the landlord has definitively expressed its intention not to conclude a lease agreement even with a person seeking to become a new lessee arranged by the lessee

    • It would be unfair, as it would compel an unnecessary act

    • By comprehensively examining the words, conduct, and attitudes shown by the landlord and the lessee in connection with the arrangement of a new lessee around the time of the termination of the lease agreement, and the specific circumstances surrounding these

    • By informing B, from approximately 10 months before the termination of the lease agreement, that after the termination of the lease agreement they would not conclude a lease agreement with a new lessee and planned to use the commercial building themselves

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2020. 9. 3. 선고 2018다252441, 252458 판결, 대법원 2020. 12. 24. 선고 2020다240175, 240182 판결 등 참조

    Unofficial English translation

    See Supreme Court Decision 2018Da252441, 252458 decided September 3, 2020; Supreme Court Decision 2020Da240175, 240182 decided December 24, 2020, etc.

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 2020. 9. 3. 선고 2018다252441, 252458 판결, 대법원 2020. 12. 24. 선고 2020다240175, 240182 판결 / [2] 대법원 2019. 7. 4. 선고 2018다284226 판결(공2019하, 1519)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    How definite must the landlord's expression be, and how close to the end of the lease, before a tenant who introduced no one may claim damages?

    The remand judgment of the Ulsan District Court on whether and in what amount the landlords must pay will show how the rule is applied on these facts. Any amendment to Article 10-4 of the Act on the Protection of Lease Transactions for Commercial Buildings also calls for a fresh reading.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24

A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 6 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 4 (form of the test), axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).

Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Circumstances weighed” vs Independent “Elements stated”

The text both requires an unjustified definitive refusal and directs consideration of conduct and circumstances, allowing emphasis on either requirements or overall assessment.

이와 같은 특별한 사정이 있다면 임차인이 실제로 신규임차인을 주선하지 않았더라도 임대인의 위와 같은 거절행위는 상가건물 임대차보호법 제10조의4 제1항 제4호에서 정한 거절행위에 해당한다고 보아야 한다.

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “How definite must the landlord's expression be, and how close to the end of the lease, before a tenant who introduced no one may claim damages?” vs Independent “What amount of damages is recoverable for the interference with this tenant's opportunity to recover the lease premium?”

The primary asks how definite and timely the refusal must be, while the independent asks how much compensation is recoverable.

이와 같은 특별한 사정이 있다면 임차인이 실제로 신규임차인을 주선하지 않았더라도 임대인의 위와 같은 거절행위는 상가건물 임대차보호법 제10조의4 제1항 제4호에서 정한 거절행위에 해당한다고 보아야 한다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The Ulsan District Court, in its judgment of 23 October 2024 (2024Na11658, 2024Na11665), treated the lease as having ended only on 7 March 2024, about ten months after the landlords filed suit. It held that the tenant had not introduced a person willing to become a new tenant, because no concrete identifying particulars such as name, occupation or ability to pay the deposit and rent were offered, and that the landlords had not definitively shown an intent not to conclude a lease even with an introduced person. On that basis it found no breach of the landlords' duty to protect the opportunity to recover the key money and dismissed the tenant's counterclaim.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that a refusal based only on the landlords' own plan to run a wholesale and retail broiler business on the premises admits no lawful reason, and that having announced from about ten months before the lease ended that they would use the building themselves and would not contract with any new tenant, the landlords had clearly shown their intent to refuse. The tenant could therefore claim damages even without having introduced anyone, and the court below had misread the law on the protection of the opportunity to recover the key money and failed to examine what it needed to, so the counterclaim part was reversed and remanded. The tenant's appeal against the rest of the judgment stood, because no grounds were stated in the notice or grounds of appeal.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A case in which the landlord did not definitively show an intent not to contract, so that the tenant was still able to make an introduction.
  • A refusal grounded on a reason other than the landlord's own plan to operate the premises, since the Court decided only that self-operation alone is no lawful reason.
  • Words or conduct of refusal unconnected with the time when the lease ended, since the definitive expression is judged on the conduct of both sides around that time.

Record verification notes

Set out the order in which the text messages, the notice of intended claim for damages, the statements of defence and the counterclaim came, because the Court placed weight on what the landlords said from about ten months before the lease ended. Then ask whether the tenant had a person willing to take the lease and what particulars of that person were given, since the rule dispensing with an introduction applies only where the refusal was already fixed. Note also that only the counterclaim part was decided; the appeal on the main claim was dismissed for want of grounds.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 임대인이 스스로 영업할 계획이라는 이유만으로 임차인이 주선한 신규임차인이 되려는 자와 임대차계약의 체결을 거절한 경우, 상가건물 임대차보호법 제10조의4 제1항 제4호에서 정한 정당한 사유가 있다고 볼 수 있는지 여부(소극) [2] 임차인이 임대인에게 권리금 회수 방해로 인한 손해배상을 구하기 위해서는 임차인이 신규임차인이 되려는 자를 주선하였어야 하는지 여부(원칙적 적극) / 임대인이 정당한 사유 없이 임차인이 주선할 신규임차인이 되려는 자와 임대차계약을 체결할 의사가 없음을 확정적으로 표시한 경우, 임차인이 실제로 신규임차인을 주선하지 않았더라도 임대인에게 권리금 회수 방해로 인한 손해배상을 청구할 수 있는지 여부(적극) 및 임대인이 위와 같은 의사를 표시하였는지 판단하는 기준 [3] 상가 임대인인 갑 등이 임차인인 을에게 재건축 필요성 등을 이유로 임대차계약을 해지한다는 내용의 문자메시지를 보낸 후 을을 상대로 임대차계약 종료를 이유로 상가의 인도를 구하는 소를 제기하였고, 그 후 을이 갑에게 권리금을 받기로 한 새로운 임차인이 있으니 새로운 임차인과 계약을 해 줄 것을 요청하였으나, 갑 등은 을에게 육계 도소매업을 운영하기 위해 상가를 인도받아야 한다는 내용의 손해배상청구예정통지서를 발송하였고, 이에 을이 갑 등을 상대로 권리금 회수기회 보호의무 위반을 이유로 손해배상금의 지급을 구하는 반소를 제기한 사안에서, 갑 등이 위 상가에서 직접 육계 도소매업을 운영할 계획이 있다는 이유만으로 을이 주선하고자 하는 신규임차인과의 임대차계약의 체결을 거절한 데에는 정당한 사유가 있다고 볼 수 없고, 갑 등은 을의 신규임차인 주선을 거절하는 의사를 명백히 표시하였다고 보이므로 을은 실제로 신규임차인을 주선하지 않았더라도 갑 등에게 손해배상을 청구할 수 있다고 한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] Whether, where a landlord refuses to conclude a lease agreement with a person seeking to become a new lessee arranged by the lessee on the sole ground that the landlord plans to operate the business itself, there may be regarded as a justifiable ground as provided in Article 10-4 (1) 4 of the Commercial Building Lease Protection Act (negative) [2] Whether, in order for a lessee to claim damages from a landlord for obstruction of the recovery of key money, the lessee must have arranged a person seeking to become a new lessee (affirmative in principle) / Where, without a justifiable ground, the landlord definitively expresses that it has no intention of concluding a lease agreement with a person seeking to become a new lessee whom the lessee will arrange, whether the lessee may claim damages from the landlord for obstruction of the recovery of key money even though the lessee did not actually arrange a new lessee (affirmative), and the criteria for determining whether the landlord has expressed such intention [3] In a case where A and others, the landlords of a commercial building, sent a text message to B, the lessee, stating that they would terminate the lease agreement on the ground of the need for reconstruction, etc., and filed an action against B seeking delivery of the commercial building on the ground of the termination of the lease agreement; thereafter B requested A and others to conclude an agreement with a new lessee who had agreed to pay key money to B, but A and others sent to B a notice of anticipated claim for damages stating that they needed to take delivery of the commercial building in order to operate a wholesale and retail business of broiler chickens, and B filed a counterclaim against A and others seeking payment of damages on the ground of breach of the duty to protect the opportunity to recover key money, it was held that there could be no justifiable ground for A and others to refuse to conclude a lease agreement with the new lessee B sought to arrange merely on the ground that A and others planned to operate a wholesale and retail business of broiler chickens directly in the commercial building, and since A and others clearly expressed their intention of refusing B's arrangement of a new lessee, B may claim damages from A and others even though B did not actually arrange a new lessee

Summary of the holding

[1] 상가건물 임대차보호법(이하 ‘상가임대차법’이라 한다) 제10조의4의 문언과 내용, 입법 취지에 비추어 보면, 임대인이 스스로 영업할 계획이라는 이유만으로 임차인이 주선한 신규임차인이 되려는 자와 임대차계약의 체결을 거절한 것에는 상가임대차법 제10조의4 제1항 제4호에서 정한 정당한 사유가 있다고 볼 수 없다. [2] 임차인이 임대인에게 권리금 회수 방해로 인한 손해배상을 구하기 위해서는 원칙적으로 임차인이 신규임차인이 되려는 자를 주선하였어야 한다. 그러나 임대인이 정당한 사유 없이 임차인이 신규임차인이 되려는 자를 주선하더라도 그와 임대차계약을 체결하지 않겠다는 의사를 확정적으로 표시하였다면 이러한 경우에까지 임차인에게 신규임차인을 주선하도록 요구하는 것은 불필요한 행위를 강요하는 결과가 되어 부당하다. 이와 같은 특별한 사정이 있다면 임차인이 실제로 신규임차인을 주선하지 않았더라도 임대인의 위와 같은 거절행위는 상가건물 임대차보호법 제10조의4 제1항 제4호에서 정한 거절행위에 해당한다고 보아야 한다. 따라서 임차인은 같은 조 제3항에 따라 임대인에게 권리금 회수 방해로 인한 손해배상을 청구할 수 있다. 임대인이 위와 같이 정당한 사유 없이 임차인이 주선할 신규임차인이 되려는 자와 임대차계약을 체결할 의사가 없음을 확정적으로 표시하였는지는 임대차계약이 종료될 무렵 신규임차인의 주선과 관련해서 임대인과 임차인이 보인 언행과 태도, 이를 둘러싼 구체적인 사정 등을 종합적으로 살펴서 판단하여야 한다. [3] 상가 임대인인 갑 등이 임차인인 을에게 재건축 필요성 등을 이유로 임대차계약을 해지한다는 내용의 문자메시지를 보낸 후 을을 상대로 임대차계약 종료를 이유로 상가의 인도를 구하는 소를 제기하였고, 그 후 을이 갑에게 권리금을 받기로 한 새로운 임차인이 있으니 새로운 임차인과 계약을 해 줄 것을 요청하였으나, 갑 등은 을에게 육계 도소매업을 운영하기 위해 상가를 인도받아야 한다는 내용의 손해배상청구예정통지서를 발송하였고, 이에 을이 갑 등을 상대로 권리금 회수기회 보호의무 위반을 이유로 손해배상금의 지급을 구하는 반소를 제기한 사안에서, 갑 등이 위 상가에서 직접 육계 도소매업을 운영할 계획이 있다는 이유만으로 을이 주선하고자 하는 신규임차인과의 임대차계약의 체결을 거절한 데에는 정당한 사유가 있다고 볼 수 없고, 갑 등은 임대차계약 종료 약 10개월 전부터 을에게 임대차계약 종료 후에는 신규임차인과 임대차계약을 체결하지 않고 자신들이 위 상가를 직접 이용할 계획이라고 밝힘으로써 을의 신규임차인 주선을 거절하는 의사를 명백히 표시하였다고 봄이 타당하므로, 을은 실제로 신규임차인을 주선하지 않았더라도 임대인의 권리금 회수기회 보호의무 위반을 이유로 갑 등에게 손해배상을 청구할 수 있다고 보아야 하는데도, 이와 달리 본 원심판단에 법리오해 등의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.

Order

원심판결 중 반소에 관한 피고(반소원고) 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 울산지방법원에 환송한다. 나머지 상고를 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

The portion of the judgment of the court below in which the defendant (counterclaim plaintiff) lost on the counterclaim is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Ulsan District Court. The rest of the final appeal is dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 상가건물 임대차보호법 제10조의4 제1항 제4호 / [2] 상가건물 임대차보호법 제10조의4 제1항 제4호, 제3항 / [3] 상가건물 임대차보호법 제10조의4 제1항 제4호, 제3항

Read 2026-10-24 · Cross-read 2026-10-24. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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