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Open Decision Ledger · Labour & industrial accidents

Joint wage liability of the immediate subcontractor regardless of payment

Supreme Court, June 27, 2024, 2024Do4055 (judgment)

Case name: 근로기준법위반[구 근로기준법(2019. 4. 30. 법률 제16415호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제44조의2 위반의 고의가 문제된 사건]

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where two or more tiers of subcontracting exist in construction and an unregistered subcontractor fails to pay the workers it used, is the immediate subcontractor jointly liable for those wages irrespective of its own fault or of whether it paid the subcontractor, and does paying the wage amount to a recipient to whom the workers delegated the right to receive wages discharge that duty and negate intent?

  2. Holding

    It is jointly liable in that way, because the provision makes the immediate subcontractor answer for the risk it created by subcontracting work to a subcontractor whose financial capacity could not be checked, and releases it together with the subcontractor when the subcontractor pays the workers. Article 44-2 of the former Labour Standards Act is a mandatory rule that private agreement cannot displace, so paying the wage amount to a delegated recipient does not by itself discharge the duty. Unless the immediate subcontractor took special measures that certainly secured transmission of that amount to the workers as wages, that payment alone does not negate intent to violate the Act.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    이와 같은 입법 취지와 문언 등에 비추어 보면, 건설업에서 2차례 이상 도급이 이루어지고 건설업자가 아닌 하수급인이 그가 사용한 근로자에게 임금을 지급하지 못하였다면, 그 하수급인의 직상 수급인은 자신에게 귀책사유가 있는지 또는 하수급인에게 대금을 지급하였는지와 관계없이 하수급인과 연대하여 하수급인이 사용한 근로자의 임금을 지급할 책임을 부담한다고 봄이 타당하다.

    Unofficial English translation

    In light of such legislative purpose and the text of the provisions, it is proper to hold that where, in the construction industry, two or more tiers of subcontracting are entered into and a subcontractor who is not a construction business operator fails to pay wages to the employees he used, the immediate upper-tier contractor of that subcontractor bears the liability, jointly and severally with the subcontractor, to pay the wages of the employees used by the subcontractor, regardless of whether any attributable cause is imputable to him or whether he has paid the price to the subcontractor.
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결 중 근로자 공소외 1, 공소외 2, 공소외 3, 공소외 4, 공소외 5에 대한 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울서부지방법원에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed in respect of the employees Non-indicted 1, Non-indicted 2, Non-indicted 3, Non-indicted 4, and Non-indicted 5, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul Western District Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    건설업에서 2차례 이상 도급이 이루어지고 건설업자가 아닌 하수급인이 그가 사용한 근로자에게 임금을 지급하지 못하였다면

    Unofficial English translation

    where, in the construction industry, two or more tiers of subcontracting are entered into and a subcontractor who is not a construction business operator fails to pay wages to the employees he used
  5. Factors

    • 근로자 보호를 위하여 마련된 조항으로서 개인의 의사에 의하여 그 적용을 배제할 수 없는 강행규정으로
    • 직상 수급인이 건설업등록이 되어 있지 않아 건설공사를 위한 자금력 등이 확인되지 않는 하수급인에게 건설공사를 하도급하는 위법행위를 함으로써
    • 하수급인의 임금지급의무 불이행에 관한 위험을 야기한 잘못에 대하여
    • 위 임금 상당액이 근로자에게 임금으로 전달되도록 담보하는 확실한 조치를 취하였다는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한

    Unofficial English translation

    • as a provision enacted for the protection of employees, it is a mandatory provision whose application cannot be excluded by the will of an individual

    • where, by unlawfully subcontracting construction work to a subcontractor who is not registered as a construction business operator and whose financial capacity for the construction work and the like cannot be verified, the immediate upper-tier contractor thereby

    • with respect to the fault of having created the risk of the subcontractor's failure to perform its obligation to pay wages

    • unless there are special circumstances, such as that certain measures have been taken to ensure that the amount equivalent to wages is delivered to the employee as wages

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2021. 11. 25. 선고 2021도10938 판결 참조

    Unofficial English translation

    see Supreme Court Decision 2021Do10938 decided November 25, 2021

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 2021. 11. 25. 선고 2021도10938 판결 / [2] 대법원 2021. 6. 10. 선고 2021다217370 판결(공2021하, 1284)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    What measures, short of paying each worker directly, are sufficient to secure certainly that a wage amount paid to a delegated recipient reaches the worker as wages?

    The retrial judgment of the Seoul Western District Court, once it decides whether the defendant intended the non-payment on this record, will show how the mens rea test works in practice. Any amendment to Article 44-2 of the Labour Standards Act, or a later Supreme Court decision defining the special circumstances that discharge the duty or negate intent, requires this entry to be read again.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-26

A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 3 (disposition).

Axis 3 (Disposition): Primary “Reversed and remanded” vs Independent “Partly reversed and remanded”

The order reverses only the part concerning five named workers and remands that part, so it can be read as a general reversal and remand or more precisely as a partial reversal and remand.

원심판결 중 근로자 공소외 1, 공소외 2, 공소외 3, 공소외 4, 공소외 5에 대한 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울서부지방법원에 환송한다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The Seoul Western District Court, sitting on appeal, in its judgment of 8 February 2024 (2021No904 (severed)), reversed the guilty first-instance judgment and acquitted the defendant. It held that the circumstances gave ample ground to find that the defendant had believed the wages were paid in full to the workers through Subcontractor A or A's designated recipient, so that he did not know unpaid wages existed and the intent to violate the Labour Standards Act could not readily be affirmed: he received powers of attorney with the workers' identity details, copies of identity cards and written undertakings to pay at once and to bear all civil, criminal and administrative liability, no worker asked him directly for payment before reporting to the authorities, and he had paid every wage amount in full.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the court below had misapprehended the law on intent and so erred in a way that affected the judgment. Paying the wage amount to a recipient of a delegation did not discharge the duty under Article 44-2, which requires direct payment to the workers. Receiving powers of attorney, identity card copies and undertakings was not a sufficient measure to secure transmission, nor a ground to believe without doubt that the money would reach the workers; given the resident site manager, the size of the works and the number of workers, the defendant could easily have checked the amounts, the workers' status and the truth of the delegations, and was in a position to guarantee payment more surely. It reversed the part of the judgment concerning Workers A to E and remanded it to the court below.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A case in which the subcontractor itself paid the workers their wages, since the immediate subcontractor is released together with it in that event.
  • A case in which the immediate subcontractor took special measures that certainly secured transmission of the wage amount to the workers as wages.
  • Construction work with only one tier of subcontracting, or a subcontractor who is a registered construction business under Articles 25 and 96 of the former Framework Act on the Construction Industry.

Record verification notes

Confirm the tiers of subcontracting, the subcontractor's registration status and which version of Article 44-2 was in force in 2018, since the decision applied the text as it stood before the amendment of 30 April 2019 (Act No. 16415). Then separate the two questions the Court kept apart: whether the immediate subcontractor performed the duty, and whether it intended the non-payment, gathering what it did after each transfer to check whether transmission was secured. Note that the contract here stated the company would pay labour costs directly, which the Court read against a delegation of the right to receive wages.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 구 근로기준법 제44조의2, 제109조의 입법 취지 / 건설업에서 2차례 이상 도급이 이루어지고 건설업자가 아닌 하수급인이 그가 사용한 근로자에게 임금을 지급하지 못한 경우, 하수급인의 직상 수급인은 자신에게 귀책사유가 있는지 또는 하수급인에게 대금을 지급하였는지와 관계없이 하수급인과 연대하여 하수급인이 사용한 근로자의 임금을 지급할 책임을 부담하는지 여부(적극) [2] 구 근로기준법 제44조의2가 강행규정인지 여부(적극) / 근로자가 임금 수령권한을 하수급인에게 위임하였다는 이유로 직상 수급인이 임금 상당액을 하수급인에게 지급했는데 나중에 하수급인이 근로자에게 임금을 지급하지 않았을 경우, 직상 수급인은 구 근로기준법 제44조의2에 따른 임금지급의무를 이행한 것인지 여부(소극) 및 이때 임금 미지급으로 인한 근로기준법 위반의 고의가 인정되는지 여부(원칙적 적극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] The legislative purpose of Articles 44-2 and 109 of the former Labor Standards Act / Where, in the construction industry, two or more tiers of subcontracting are entered into and a subcontractor who is not a construction business operator fails to pay wages to the employees he used, whether the immediate upper-tier contractor of the subcontractor bears the liability, jointly and severally with the subcontractor, to pay the wages of the employees used by the subcontractor, regardless of whether any attributable cause is imputable to him or whether he has paid the price to the subcontractor (affirmative) [2] Whether Article 44-2 of the former Labor Standards Act is a mandatory provision (affirmative) / Where the immediate upper-tier contractor paid an amount equivalent to wages to the subcontractor on the ground that the employee had delegated to the subcontractor the authority to receive wages, and the subcontractor later failed to pay wages to the employee, whether the immediate upper-tier contractor has performed the obligation to pay wages under Article 44-2 of the former Labor Standards Act (negative), and whether, in such a case, intent to violate the Labor Standards Act by the non-payment of wages may be found (affirmative in principle)

Summary of the holding

[1] 구 건설산업기본법(2018. 12. 31. 법률 제16136호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제25조, 제96조는 수급인이 하도급을 하는 경우 등록한 건설업자에게 하도록 하면서 이를 위반하는 경우 처벌하도록 하고 있다. 구 근로기준법(2019. 4. 30. 법률 제16415호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘구 근로기준법’이라 한다) 제44조의2, 제109조는 건설업에서 2차례 이상 도급이 이루어진 경우 건설산업기본법 규정에 따른 건설업자가 아닌 하수급인이 그가 사용한 근로자에게 임금을 지급하지 못할 경우에는 그 하수급인의 직상 수급인은 하수급인과 연대하여 하수급인이 사용한 근로자의 임금을 지급할 책임을 지도록 하면서 이를 위반한 직상 수급인을 처벌하도록 하고 있다. 이는 직상 수급인이 건설업등록이 되어 있지 않아 건설공사를 위한 자금력 등이 확인되지 않는 하수급인에게 건설공사를 하도급하는 위법행위를 함으로써 하수급인의 임금지급의무 불이행에 관한 위험을 야기한 잘못에 대하여, 실제로 하수급인이 임금지급의무를 이행하지 않아 이러한 위험이 현실화되었을 때 그 책임을 묻는 것이다. 그리고 이에 따라 구 근로기준법 제44조의2의 적용을 받는 직상 수급인은 같은 법 제44조의 경우와 달리 자신에게 직접적인 귀책사유가 없더라도 하수급인의 임금 미지급으로 말미암아 위와 같은 책임을 부담하고, 하수급인이 임금지급의무를 이행하는 경우에는 함께 책임을 면하게 된다. 이와 같은 입법 취지와 문언 등에 비추어 보면, 건설업에서 2차례 이상 도급이 이루어지고 건설업자가 아닌 하수급인이 그가 사용한 근로자에게 임금을 지급하지 못하였다면, 그 하수급인의 직상 수급인은 자신에게 귀책사유가 있는지 또는 하수급인에게 대금을 지급하였는지와 관계없이 하수급인과 연대하여 하수급인이 사용한 근로자의 임금을 지급할 책임을 부담한다고 봄이 타당하다. [2] 구 근로기준법(2019. 4. 30. 법률 제16415호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘구 근로기준법’이라 한다) 제44조의2는 근로자 보호를 위하여 마련된 조항으로서 개인의 의사에 의하여 그 적용을 배제할 수 없는 강행규정으로, 근로자가 임금 수령권한을 하수급인에게 위임하였다는 이유로 직상 수급인이 임금 상당액을 하수급인에게 지급했는데 나중에 하수급인은 근로자에게 임금을 지급하지 않았을 때, 직상 수급인이 이미 근로자에게 임금을 지급하였다고 보아 구 근로기준법 제44조의2에 따른 책임을 면하는 것은 근로자가 현실적으로 임금을 지급받도록 확실히 담보하고자 하는 위 조항의 취지에 반한다. 그러므로 위와 같은 경우에 직상 수급인이 근로자로부터 임금 수령권한을 위임받은 하수급인에게 임금 상당액을 지급하였다는 사정만으로는 구 근로기준법 제44조의2에 따른 임금지급의무를 이행하였다고 할 수 없다. 또한 직접 근로자에게 임금을 지급하지 않은 이상, 위 임금 상당액이 근로자에게 임금으로 전달되도록 담보하는 확실한 조치를 취하였다는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한, 위와 같은 사정만으로 임금 미지급으로 인한 근로기준법 위반의 고의가 부정되는 것은 아니다.

Order

원심판결 중 근로자 공소외 1, 공소외 2, 공소외 3, 공소외 4, 공소외 5에 대한 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울서부지방법원에 환송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed in respect of the employees Non-indicted 1, Non-indicted 2, Non-indicted 3, Non-indicted 4, and Non-indicted 5, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul Western District Court.

Provisions referred to

[1] 구 건설산업기본법(2018. 12. 31. 법률 제16136호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제25조, 제96조 제4호, 구 근로기준법(2019. 4. 30. 법률 제16415호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제44조의2, 제109조 [2] 구 근로기준법(2019. 4. 30. 법률 제16415호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제44조의2, 제109조

Read 2026-10-26 · Cross-read 2026-10-26. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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