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Open Decision Ledger · Tax & international taxation

A claim made uncollectible by bankruptcy and the effect of applying payments elsewhere

Supreme Court, Sept. 11, 2025, 2024Du60435 (judgment)

Case name: 부가가치세경정거부처분취소소송[채무자의 파산으로 회수할 수 없는 채권에 대한 대손세액공제를 구하는 사건]

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where the recipient of a construction supply went bankrupt before paying in full, does the taxpayer's earlier agreement to apply money received to a separate loan claim rather than the construction-price claim deprive the VAT bad-tax credit in Article 45 of the Value-Added Tax Act?

  2. Holding

    'A claim uncollectible through the debtor's bankruptcy' under Article 87(1)(i) of the Enforcement Decree of the Value-Added Tax Act and Article 19-2(1)(viii) of the Corporate Tax Act Enforcement Decree means a claim whose total uncollectibility is objectively established by the bankruptcy. Absent special circumstances such as a voluntary abandonment of recovery, the mere fact that recovery was possible before that establishment does not defeat the credit. Where the grounds for a corporate-tax bad-debt deduction under Article 19-2(1) of the Corporate Tax Act Enforcement Decree are met, the requirements for the VAT credit are also met, and applying money received before bankruptcy to a separate loan claim is not, of itself, a voluntary abandonment of the construction-price claim.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    납세의무자가 해당 채권의 회수를 임의로 포기한 것이라는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한 구체적인 사안에서 채권의 회수불능 사실이 객관적으로 확정되기 이전에 이를 회수할 가능성이 있었다는 사정만으로 그 적용이 부정된다고 할 수는 없다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Unless there are special circumstances, such as the taxpayer having voluntarily relinquished the recovery of the claim, the application thereof cannot be precluded merely on the ground that there was a possibility of recovering the claim before the fact of the claim's uncollectability was objectively determined in the specific case.
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    구체적인 사안에서 채권의 회수불능 사실이 객관적으로 확정되기 이전에 이를 회수할 가능성이 있었다는 사정만으로 그 적용이 부정된다고 할 수는 없다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The application thereof cannot be precluded merely on the ground that there was a possibility of recovering the claim before the fact of the claim's uncollectability was objectively determined in the specific case.
  5. Factors

    • 납세의무자가 해당 채권의 회수를 임의로 포기한 것이라는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한
    • 을 회사가 분양수입금으로 대출원리금 상환이 어렵다는 등의 이유로 파산선고를 받자
    • 을 회사에 파산선고가 이루어짐으로써 갑 회사가 을 회사에 대하여 가진 공사대금 채권의 회수가 불가능한 것으로 확정된 이상
    • 파산 이전에 갑 회사가 을 회사로부터 받은 금원을 공사대금 채권이 아닌 대여금 채권의 변제에 충당하였다는 사정만으로

    Unofficial English translation

    • Unless there are special circumstances, such as the taxpayer having voluntarily relinquished the recovery of the claim,

    • upon Company B receiving a declaration of bankruptcy on the grounds that repayment of the loan principal and interest from sales proceeds was difficult, etc.

    • inasmuch as recovery of the construction price claim held by Company A against Company B became impossible upon the declaration of bankruptcy made against Company B,

    • merely on the ground that, before the bankruptcy, Company A applied the monies received from Company B to the repayment of a loan claim rather than to the construction price claim,

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2004. 3. 12. 선고 2002두5955 판결, 대법원 2006. 5. 25. 선고 2005다19163 판결 등 참조

    Unofficial English translation

    See Supreme Court Decision 2002Du5955 decided March 12, 2004; Supreme Court Decision 2005Da19163 decided May 25, 2006, etc.

    Decisions referred to

    해당 본문 참조

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    What circumstances make an agreement to apply a payment first to a loan claim a voluntary abandonment of the construction-price claim?

    The remand judgment of the Seoul High Court, applying the special-circumstances exception to these facts, would show how the exception works. So would any later Supreme Court decision defining that exception, or an amendment to Article 45 of the Value-Added Tax Act or Article 87 of its Enforcement Decree.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24

A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 6 (relation to precedent).

Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “Follows earlier decisions” vs Independent “Cannot be determined”

The primary may view the definition of uncollectibility and its application as following established doctrine, while the independent may reserve judgment because the supplied text does not identify supporting precedents.

대법원 2004. 3. 12. 선고 2002두5955 판결, 대법원 2006. 5. 25. 선고 2005다19163 판결 등 참조

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The Seoul High Court, in its judgment of 10 October 2024 (2024Nu34537), began from the premise that the corporate-tax bad-debt deduction and the VAT bad-tax credit do not rest on identical grounds, and held that whether a receivable had become 'uncollectible' must be judged objectively and normatively, in line with social common sense, against the debtor's assets and payment capacity, the content of the transactions, and whether the supplier could have made factual disbursements to the debtor on the way to bankruptcy so as to have a chance of avoiding the loss. It then held that Company A, by agreeing at the time of the loan that sales proceeds would repay the loan claim ahead of the construction-price claim and by applying the KRW 48.4 billion actually received in that way, had itself abandoned the chance of recovering the construction-price claim, so that the VAT credit did not extend to the corresponding portion. The claim was dismissed.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that reading could not be sustained. Because Article 87(1)(i) of the Enforcement Decree of the Value-Added Tax Act imports the bad-debt grounds of the Corporate Tax Act Enforcement Decree, the reasons for the VAT credit and the corporate-tax deduction are the same, so that grounds meeting Article 19-2(1) of the Corporate Tax Act Enforcement Decree also meet the VAT credit requirements; the tax office had not denied the deduction either. Once the bankruptcy of Company B fixed the total uncollectibility of the construction-price claim, the agreement to apply the money first to the loan claim could not count as voluntary abandonment without special circumstances, and the freedom of contract in choosing which debt a payment discharges, restated in Supreme Court Decision 2010Da55187, barred both denial of the agreement and any selective choice by the tax office of which portion to credit. Finding a misapplication of the law on the VAT bad-tax credit, the Court reversed and remanded to the Seoul High Court, all Justices agreeing.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Special circumstances showing that the taxpayer gave up recovery of the claim voluntarily, which the Court kept open as the ground for denying the credit.
  • A receivable whose grounds do not meet Article 19-2(1) of the Corporate Tax Act Enforcement Decree, since the Court treated the two sets of grounds as identical.
  • A receivable whose uncollectibility is not objectively established by the bankruptcy, since the credit attaches to the whole claim once bankruptcy fixes the loss.

Record verification notes

Set the file against three things before relying on this decision. First, whether the grounds for the construction-price claim to be a corporate-tax bad debt are met under Article 19-2(1) of the Enforcement Decree, and whether the tax office denied that deduction, since the equality of the two grounds carried the holding. Second, any evidence that the agreement on applying payments amounted to a waiver of the construction-price claim, or that it produced results contrary to good faith towards interested parties whose civil-law interests it directly affected, which the Court left as the exception. Third, which version of Article 45 of the Value-Added Tax Act and Article 87 of its Enforcement Decree governs, since the reasons trace the 2006 alignment of the two regimes.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 부가가치세법 제45조 제1항의 위임에 따라 부가가치세법 시행령 제87조 제1항 제1호 및 법인세법 시행령 제19조의2 제1항 제8호에서 대손세액 공제사유로 규정하는 ‘채무자의 파산으로 회수할 수 없는 채권’의 의미 및 납세의무자가 채권의 회수불능 사실이 객관적으로 확정되기 이전에 이를 회수할 가능성이 있었던 경우, 그 적용이 부정되는지 여부(원칙적 소극) [2] 주택건설사업을 영위하는 갑 주식회사가 복합시설 건축사업 시행자인 을 주식회사로부터 공사대금 1,030억 원을 지급받지 못한 상태에서 을 회사의 선행대출 상환 등을 위해 을 회사에 490억 원을 대여하였다가 을 회사로부터 지급받은 484억 원을 약정에 따라 대여금 채권의 변제에 충당했는데, 을 회사가 파산선고를 받자, 갑 회사가 공사대금을 법인세법상 대손금으로 손금산입하는 한편, 관할 세무서장에게 위 공사대금 채권이 채무자의 파산을 사유로 회수할 수 없는 채권으로서 부가가치세법 제45조에서 정한 대손세액 공제대상에 해당한다며 부가가치세(77.3억 원)를 환급해 달라는 경정청구를 했으나, 세무서장이 ‘을 회사가 상환한 484억 원은 공사대금의 일부 변제에 충당된 것으로 보아야 한다.’는 이유로 일부 변제충당 이후에 잔존했을 공사대금에 관한 부가가치세(43.5억 원)만 대손세액 공제대상으로 인정하고 나머지(33.7억 원)에 대한 경정청구는 거부한 사안에서, 위 처분을 적법하다고 본 원심판단에 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] Meaning of "a claim that cannot be recovered due to the debtor's bankruptcy," prescribed as a ground for the tax credit for bad debts in Article 87(1) 1 of the Enforcement Decree of the Value-Added Tax Act and Article 19-2(1) 8 of the Enforcement Decree of the Corporate Tax Act, pursuant to the delegation under Article 45(1) of the Value-Added Tax Act, and whether the application thereof is precluded where the taxpayer had a possibility of recovering the claim before the fact of the claim's uncollectability was objectively determined (in principle, negative) [2] A case in which Company A, a corporation engaged in the housing construction business, failed to receive construction price of 103 billion won from Company B, the project operator of a mixed-use facility construction project, and then lent 49 billion won to Company B for the repayment of Company B's pre-existing loans, etc., and, among the 48.4 billion won received from Company B, applied such amount to the repayment of the loan claim in accordance with the agreement; whereupon Company B received a declaration of bankruptcy and Company A deducted the construction price as a bad debt loss for purposes of the Corporate Tax Act, while at the same time filing, with the head of the competent tax office, a claim for reassessment requesting a refund of value-added tax (7.73 billion won) on the ground that the above construction price claim was a claim that could not be recovered by reason of the debtor's bankruptcy and thus fell within the tax credit for bad debts under Article 45 of the Value-Added Tax Act; but the head of the tax office recognized, as the subject of the tax credit for bad debts, only the value-added tax (4.35 billion won) on the construction price that would have remained after partial set-off for repayment, on the ground that "the 48.4 billion won repaid by Company B must be regarded as having been applied to partial repayment of the construction price," and rejected the claim for reassessment as to the remainder (3.37 billion won); in which case it was held that the court below's determination that the above disposition was lawful was erroneous in misapprehension of legal principles

Summary of the holding

[1] 부가가치세법 제45조 제1항의 위임에 따라 부가가치세법 시행령 제87조 제1항 제1호 및 법인세법 시행령 제19조의2 제1항 제8호에서 대손세액 공제사유로 규정하는 ‘채무자의 파산으로 회수할 수 없는 채권’이란 채무자의 파산으로 인하여 채권 전부의 회수불능 사실이 객관적으로 확정된 채권을 의미하는 것으로, 납세의무자가 해당 채권의 회수를 임의로 포기한 것이라는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한 구체적인 사안에서 채권의 회수불능 사실이 객관적으로 확정되기 이전에 이를 회수할 가능성이 있었다는 사정만으로 그 적용이 부정된다고 할 수는 없다. [2] 주택건설사업을 영위하는 갑 주식회사가 복합시설 건축사업 시행자인 을 주식회사로부터 공사대금 1,030억 원을 지급받지 못한 상태에서 을 회사의 선행대출 상환 등을 위해 을 회사에 490억 원을 대여하였다가 을 회사로부터 지급받은 484억 원을 약정에 따라 대여금 채권의 변제에 충당했는데, 을 회사가 분양수입금으로 대출원리금 상환이 어렵다는 등의 이유로 파산선고를 받자, 갑 회사가 공사대금을 법인세법상 대손금으로 손금산입하는 한편, 관할 세무서장에게 위 공사대금 채권이 채무자의 파산을 사유로 회수할 수 없는 채권으로서 부가가치세법 제45조에서 정한 대손세액 공제대상에 해당한다며 부가가치세(77.3억 원)를 환급해 달라는 경정청구를 했으나, 세무서장이 ‘을 회사가 상환한 484억 원은 공사대금의 일부 변제에 충당된 것으로 보아야 한다.’는 이유로 일부 변제충당 이후에 잔존했을 공사대금에 관한 부가가치세(43.5억 원)만 대손세액 공제대상으로 인정하고 나머지(33.7억 원)에 대한 경정청구는 거부한 사안에서, 제반 사정들에 비추어 보면, 을 회사에 파산선고가 이루어짐으로써 갑 회사가 을 회사에 대하여 가진 공사대금 채권의 회수가 불가능한 것으로 확정된 이상, 파산 이전에 갑 회사가 을 회사로부터 받은 금원을 공사대금 채권이 아닌 대여금 채권의 변제에 충당하였다는 사정만으로, 갑 회사가 공사대금 채권을 임의로 포기한 것으로 보아 부가가치세법 제45조에 따른 대손세액 공제가 허용되지 않는다고 볼 수 없는데도, 이와 달리 위 처분을 적법하다고 본 원심판단에 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.

Order

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

Provisions referred to

[1] 부가가치세법 제45조 제1항, 부가가치세법 시행령 제87조 제1항 제1호, 법인세법 시행령 제19조의2 제1항 제8호 / [2] 부가가치세법 제45조 제1항, 부가가치세법 시행령 제87조 제1항 제1호, 법인세법 시행령 제19조의2 제1항 제8호

Read 2026-10-24 · Cross-read 2026-10-24. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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