Open Decision Ledger · Civil procedure & enforcement
Court's own-motion investigation of a chosen foreign governing law
Supreme Court, Aug. 14, 2025, 2025Da212297 (judgment)
Case name: 부당이득금
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Where a contract has a foreign element, must the court determine the governing law under the former International Private Act and investigate the content of a foreign governing law of its own motion even without a party's argument, and could the conclusion that termination of this partnership-type contract is barred rest on Cambodian Civil Code Articles 407, 409 and 411?
Holding
It must. Where a legal relationship has a foreign element, the court must determine the governing law under the former International Private Act unless special circumstances say otherwise, and where that governing law is foreign it must investigate its content of its own motion. Since the parties chose Cambodian law, the court below could not conclude from Cambodian Civil Code Articles 407, 409 and 411, which govern termination generally and provide for restitution, that termination of a partnership-type contract is barred in principle with only a claim for residual assets or damages left, and there was a question whether Korean partnership law had been applied without sufficient inquiry into Cambodian law.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
법원은 준거법 관련 주장이 없더라도 적극적으로 석명권을 행사하여 당사자에게 의견 진술 기회를 부여하거나 필요한 자료를 제출하게 하는 등 그 법률관계에 적용될 국제협약 또는 국제사법에 따른 준거법에 관하여 심리, 조사할 의무가 있다.
Unofficial English translation
Even absent any allegation concerning the governing law, the court has a duty to examine and investigate the governing law applicable to the legal relationship under an international treaty or the Act on Private International Law, actively exercising its power of elucidation to give the parties an opportunity to state their opinions or to submit necessary materials.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 의정부지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed and the case is remanded to the Uijeongbu District Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
법원은 외국적 요소가 있는 법률관계에 적용되는 준거법이 외국법인 경우 그 내용을 직권으로 조사하여야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
Where the governing law applicable to a legal relationship involving a foreign element is foreign law, the court must investigate its content ex officio.
Factors
- 외국적 요소가 있는 법률관계에 대하여는 특별한 사정이 없는 한 국제사법의 규정을 적용하여 준거법을 정하여야 한다.
- 법원은 외국적 요소가 있는 법률관계에 적용되는 준거법이 외국법인 경우 그 내용을 직권으로 조사하여야 한다.
- 당사자는 계약의 준거법을 자유롭게 선택할 수 있다.
- 위 계약은 캄보디아 법에 따라 설립된 회사가 수행할 사업과 관련되고, 갑과 을이 계약상 권리와 의무를 캄보디아 법에 따르도록 합의하였으므로
- 캄보디아 민법 제407조, 제409조 및 제411조는 계약 위반 시 계약해제가 가능하고(제407조), 해제권자는 해제의 의사표시를 함으로써 계약을 해제할 수 있으며(제409조), 계약해제 시 원상회복의무가 발생한다(제411조)고 규정하고 있어 이는 계약해제 일반에 관한 내용인바
Unofficial English translation
• As to a legal relationship involving a foreign element, the governing law must be determined by applying the provisions of the Act on Private International Law unless there are special circumstances.
• Where the governing law applicable to a legal relationship involving a foreign element is foreign law, the court must investigate its content ex officio.
• The parties may freely choose the governing law of the contract.
• The contract in question concerns a business to be conducted by a company established under Cambodian law, and the plaintiff and the defendant agreed that their contractual rights and obligations would be governed by Cambodian law,
• Articles 407, 409, and 411 of the Cambodian Civil Act provide that a contract may be rescinded in the event of a breach of contract (Article 407), that a party holding the right of rescission may rescind the contract by making a declaration of intention to rescind (Article 409), and that upon rescission of a contract an obligation of restitution arises (Article 411), and these provisions concern the general rules on rescission of contracts,
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2022. 1. 13. 선고 2021다269388 판결
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2021Da269388 decided January 13, 2022
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 1990. 4. 10. 선고 89다카20252 판결(공1990, 1043), 대법원 2022. 1. 13. 선고 2021다269388 판결(공2022상, 328), 대법원 2025. 3. 27. 선고 2021다242185 판결(공2025상, 743)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
What content must Cambodian law have on the termination of a partnership-type contract before a court may uphold termination based on restitution, and how should that content be proved to the court?
The remand judgment of the Uijeongbu District Court on the content of Cambodian law on termination and on any unpaid monthly profits will show how the duty to investigate is carried out in practice. Any amendment to the International Private Act, whose Articles 1, 18 and 45(1) replace the former Articles 1, 5 and 25(1), or a later Supreme Court decision on the court's duty to investigate a foreign governing law, calls for this entry to be read again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
8 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24
A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on all 8 axes.
Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Uijeongbu District Court, in its judgment of 10 April 2025 (2023Na227051), treated the contract as a partnership in which money, supply capacity and know-how were contributed jointly and profits shared. It held that, absent a special clause reserving a right of termination, termination of a partnership based on restitution is not allowed and only a claim for residual assets or damages arises, and rejected the plaintiff's primary claim for return of the business funds of KRW 120,000,000. It also read the clauses so that the plaintiff could not claim the monthly minimum profit of KRW 2,000,000 directly from the defendant.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the contract had a foreign element because it concerned a business carried out by a company established under Cambodian law and the parties agreed that their rights and duties follow Cambodian law, so the governing law had to be determined under the former International Private Act. The court below did not state the governing law expressly and set out only Cambodian Civil Code Articles 407, 409 and 411 in its preliminary findings; those provisions govern termination generally and cannot support the conclusion that termination of a partnership is barred in principle. On the clauses, the minimum monthly payment obligation stands until a ground for ending the profit share arises, so the court below had to examine Cambodian law on contract interpretation and, failing that, how much profit remained unpaid; the whole judgment was reversed and the case remanded.
Distinguishing conditions
- A legal relationship with no foreign element, since the duty to determine and investigate the governing law under the former International Private Act was tied to a foreign element under Article 1.
- A case in which the governing law determined under the International Private Act is Korean law, so that no foreign law content needs to be investigated of the court's own motion.
- A case in which the only foreign-law material is general termination provisions like Cambodian Civil Code Articles 407, 409 and 411, since the Court held that those alone cannot support the conclusion that termination based on restitution is barred and that the content of Cambodian law on partnership termination must be fully inquired into.
Record verification notes
Before relying on this decision, confirm that the contract in fact contains a choice of foreign law, here Article 9(2) choosing Cambodian law, and that a foreign element exists in the transaction as a whole. Then gather the content of the chosen foreign law on termination and restitution of a partnership-type contract, since the reversal turned on the court below's failure to investigate it. Also read the profit-sharing and liquidation clauses together, as the minimum monthly payment was held to continue until a ground for ending the profit share arose.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 외국적 요소가 있는 법률관계에 적용되는 준거법으로서의 외국법 내용이 직권조사사항인지 여부(적극) / 외국적 요소가 있는 사건의 경우, 준거법과 관련한 주장이 없더라도 법원이 법률관계에 적용될 국제협약 또는 국제사법에 따른 준거법에 관하여 심리, 조사할 의무가 있는지 여부(적극) / 구 국제사법 제25조 제1항에 따라 계약당사자가 계약의 준거법을 자유롭게 선택할 수 있는지 여부(적극) [2] 갑은 을과 캄보디아 법률에 따라 설립한 회사의 사업자금을 제공하고 수익을 배분받기로 하는 계약을 체결한 후 사업자금을 지급하였으나, 위 사업이 코로나19로 사실상 폐업하게 되었고, 이에 갑이 을을 상대로 계약 위반을 이유로 계약을 해제하고 원상회복으로 사업자금반환을 구한 사안에서, 위 계약을 금전, 물품공급능력 및 노하우 등을 상호 출자하여 이익을 공유하기로 하는 동업계약으로 보고, 해제권 유보 특약이 없는 한 원상회복을 전제로 한 해제가 허용되지 않는다고 한 원심판단에 직권조사사항 및 준거법에 관한 법리오해 등의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether the content of foreign law, as the governing law applicable to a legal relationship involving a foreign element, is a matter to be investigated ex officio (affirmative) / Whether, in a case involving a foreign element, the court has a duty to examine and investigate the governing law applicable to the legal relationship under an international treaty or the Act on Private International Law, even absent any allegation concerning the governing law (affirmative) / Whether, under Article 25 (1) of the former Act on Private International Law, the parties to a contract may freely choose the governing law of the contract (affirmative) [2] A case where, after the plaintiff entered into a contract with the defendant under which the plaintiff was to provide business funds for a company established under Cambodian law and to receive a share of the profits, and paid the business funds, the business was in fact closed down due to COVID-19, and the plaintiff, claiming against the defendant a breach of contract, rescinded the contract and sought the return of the business funds by way of restitution, in which the judgment of the court below, which regarded the contract as a partnership contract under which the parties mutually contributed money, capacity to supply goods, and know-how to share profits, and held that rescission premised on restitution is not permitted unless there is a special clause reserving the right of rescission, is erroneous in that it misapprehended legal principles concerning matters to be investigated ex officio and the governing law, and the like
Summary of the holding
[1] 구 국제사법(2022. 1. 4. 법률 제18670호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘구 국제사법’이라 한다) 제1조는 "이 법은 외국적 요소가 있는 법률관계에 관하여 국제재판관할에 관한 원칙과 준거법을 정함을 목적으로 한다."라고 규정하고 있으므로, 외국적 요소가 있는 법률관계에 대하여는 특별한 사정이 없는 한 국제사법의 규정을 적용하여 준거법을 정하여야 한다. 법원은 외국적 요소가 있는 법률관계에 적용되는 준거법이 외국법인 경우 그 내용을 직권으로 조사하여야 한다. 따라서 법원은 준거법 관련 주장이 없더라도 적극적으로 석명권을 행사하여 당사자에게 의견 진술 기회를 부여하거나 필요한 자료를 제출하게 하는 등 그 법률관계에 적용될 국제협약 또는 국제사법에 따른 준거법에 관하여 심리, 조사할 의무가 있다. 구 국제사법 제25조 제1항은 "계약은 당사자가 명시적 또는 묵시적으로 선택한 법에 의한다. 다만 묵시적인 선택은 계약내용 그 밖에 모든 사정으로부터 합리적으로 인정할 수 있는 경우에 한한다."라고 규정하고 있으므로 당사자는 계약의 준거법을 자유롭게 선택할 수 있다. [2] 갑은 을과 캄보디아 법률에 따라 설립한 회사의 사업자금을 제공하고 수익을 배분받기로 하는 계약을 체결한 후 사업자금을 지급하였으나, 위 사업이 코로나19로 사실상 폐업하게 되었고, 이에 갑이 을을 상대로 계약 위반을 이유로 계약을 해제하고 원상회복으로 사업자금반환을 구한 사안에서, 위 계약은 캄보디아 법에 따라 설립된 회사가 수행할 사업과 관련되고, 갑과 을이 계약상 권리와 의무를 캄보디아 법에 따르도록 합의하였으므로, 이는 구 국제사법(2022. 1. 4. 법률 제18670호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘구 국제사법’이라 한다) 제1조에서 정한 외국적 요소가 있는 법률관계에 해당하여 국제사법을 적용하여 준거법을 정하여야 하고, 구 국제사법 제25조 제1항은 당사자가 계약의 준거법을 자유롭게 선택할 수 있도록 규정하고 있으므로, 갑과 을이 계약의 준거법을 캄보디아 법으로 선택한 이상, 법원은 준거법인 캄보디아 법의 내용을 직권으로 심리·조사하여야 하는데, 캄보디아 민법 제407조, 제409조 및 제411조는 계약 위반 시 계약해제가 가능하고(제407조), 해제권자는 해제의 의사표시를 함으로써 계약을 해제할 수 있으며(제409조), 계약해제 시 원상회복의무가 발생한다(제411조)고 규정하고 있어 이는 계약해제 일반에 관한 내용인바, 동업계약 해제가 원칙적으로 허용되지 않고 잔여재산 분배청구나 손해배상이 문제 될 뿐이라는 결론을 이끌어낼 수 없는데도, 위 계약을 금전, 물품공급능력 및 노하우 등을 상호 출자하여 이익을 공유하기로 하는 동업계약으로 보고, 해제권 유보 특약이 없는 한 원상회복을 전제로 한 해제가 허용되지 않는다고 한 원심판단에 직권조사사항 및 준거법에 관한 법리오해 등의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 의정부지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed and the case is remanded to the Uijeongbu District Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 구 국제사법(2022. 1. 4. 법률 제18670호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제1조(현행 제1조 참조), 제5조(현행 제18조 참조), 제25조 제1항(현행 제45조 제1항 참조), 민사소송법 제134조[직권조사사항] / [2] 구 국제사법(2022. 1. 4. 법률 제18670호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제1조(현행 제1조 참조), 제5조(현행 제18조 참조), 제25조 제1항(현행 제45조 제1항 참조), 민사소송법 제134조[직권조사사항]
Read 2026-10-24 · Cross-read 2026-10-24. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.
Back to the ledger