Open Decision Ledger · Civil obligations & remedies
Contract-specific rescission clause and no need for a serious violation
Supreme Court, Dec. 24, 2025, 2025Da216444 (judgment)
Case name: 매매대금반환
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Where a building sales contract states that the buyer may rescind if the seller receives, for reasons attributable to the seller, a correction order under Article 9 of the Act on the Promotion of Distribution of Buildings, must the violation underlying that order also be serious, or does the agreed content of the clause alone decide whether the contractual right of rescission arises?
Holding
Whether a contract may be rescinded under an agreed ground, and with what effect, is decided by what the contract itself provides. The parties' intent in inserting a rescission clause is a question of interpretation, to be resolved reasonably in light of the purpose of the contract, the circumstances in which the clause was added and the wording of the clause itself; where the agreed ground is peculiar to that contract rather than a general restatement of rescission for non-performance, and the document's wording is clear and univocal, the wording governs. Because this clause set a rescission ground peculiar to building sales contracts, prescribed by Article 6(4) of the Act on the Promotion of Distribution of Buildings and Article 9(1)(11)(a) of its Enforcement Decree, the Court held that the violation of the law underlying a correction order received for reasons attributable to the seller need not be serious for the agreed right to arise; whether the right was exercisable on these facts was left for the remand court.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
약정해제권의 발생요건은 계약에서 정한 내용에 의하여 결정되므로, 시정명령을 받게 된 위반사항이 반드시 중대한 위반사항에 해당할 필요는 없으며
Unofficial English translation
The requirements for the arising of the right of contractual rescission are determined by what is stipulated in the contract, and thus the violation that led to the corrective order does not necessarily have to constitute a serious violation, and
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울중앙지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul Central District Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
계약에서 해제·해지 사유를 약정한 경우에 그 약정에 의하여 계약을 해제·해지할 수 있는지 여부 및 그 효력은 그 계약에서 약정한 내용에 의하여 결정된다.
Unofficial English translation
Where a contract stipulates grounds for rescission or termination, whether the contract may be rescinded or terminated pursuant to such stipulation and the effect thereof are determined by what is stipulated in that contract.
Factors
- 그 계약에서 약정한 내용에 의하여 결정된다
- 계약체결의 목적, 해제권 조항을 둔 경위, 조항 자체의 문언 등을 종합적으로 고려하여
- 그 계약에 특유한 해제사유를 명시하여 정해 두고 있고
- 문언의 객관적인 의미가 명확하다면 특별한 사정이 없는 한 문언대로의 의사표시의 존재와 내용을 인정하여야 하고
- 시정명령을 받게 된 위반사항이 반드시 중대한 위반사항에 해당할 필요는 없으며
Unofficial English translation
• is determined by what is stipulated in that contract
• by comprehensively considering the purpose of concluding the contract, the circumstances under which the clause conferring the right of rescission was provided, the wording of the clause itself, etc.
• where the grounds for rescission peculiar to that contract are expressly specified and provided, and
• where the objective meaning of the wording is clear, unless there are special circumstances, the existence and content of a declaration of intent in accordance with the wording must be acknowledged, and
• the violation that led to the corrective order does not necessarily have to constitute a serious violation, and
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2010. 11. 11. 선고 2010다26769 판결(공2010하, 2241)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2010Da26769 decided November 11, 2010 (Gong 2010 Ha, 2241)
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2010. 11. 11. 선고 2010다26769 판결(공2010하, 2241), 대법원 2013. 10. 17. 선고 2013다14972, 14989, 14996, 15005 판결, 대법원 2016. 12. 15. 선고 2014다14429, 14436 판결(공2017상, 80)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
When a clause whose wording is not clear and univocal names a correction order received for reasons attributable to the seller as the trigger, how much weight does the gravity of the underlying violation carry in construing the parties' intent?
The remand judgment of the Seoul Central District Court will show how the clause is applied to the correction order of 18 December 2024, whether the correction order was received for reasons attributable to the seller and what follows for the contract price already paid and the mid-payment loan. Any amendment to Article 6(4) of the Act on the Promotion of Distribution of Buildings or Article 9(1)(11)(a) of its Enforcement Decree requires this entry to be read again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24
A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 6 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 4 (form of the test), axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).
Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”
The primary reads the opinion as setting out the rule for interpreting a contractual rescission clause, while the independent reads it as weighing the contract's purpose, background and wording together.
계약체결의 목적, 해제권 조항을 둔 경위, 조항 자체의 문언 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 논리와 경험법칙에 따라 합리적으로 해석하여야 한다.Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “When a clause whose wording is not clear and univocal names a correction order received for reasons attributable to the seller as the trigger, how much weight does the gravity of the underlying violation carry in construing the parties' intent?” vs Independent “What special circumstances could justify departing from the clear wording of a contractual rescission clause?”
The primary asks how much weight the gravity of the violation carries when the wording is not clear, while the independent asks what special circumstances could justify departing from clear wording.
약정해제권의 발생요건은 계약에서 정한 내용에 의하여 결정되므로, 시정명령을 받게 된 위반사항이 반드시 중대한 위반사항에 해당할 필요는 없으며Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Seoul Central District Court, in its judgment of 27 August 2025 (2024Na70595), held that the buyer could not rescind the contract of 25 January 2022 for KRW 1,359,444,000 on the strength of the clause. It read the clause as requiring more than the correction order itself: the violation had to be serious enough that the purpose of the contract could not be achieved, or that the buyer would not have entered into the contract had the buyer known of it. The correction order of 18 December 2024, issued by the Seocho District Office because the seller company had left out the seismic performance information and the zoning and zone information required in the sales advertisements, did not reach that degree and was a minor violation.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the clause did not merely restate the statutory right of rescission for non-performance. Article 6(4) of the Act on the Promotion of Distribution of Buildings and Article 9(1)(11)(a) of its Enforcement Decree require such a term in the sales contract, so the clause set a rescission ground peculiar to the contract, and because the requirements of the agreed right are fixed by the contract the underlying violation need not be serious. The clause's objective wording is clear and univocal and does not call for weighing the gravity of the violation, so reading in a seriousness requirement misapprehended the law on construing the agreed right and affected the judgment. The Court reversed and remanded, without ruling on the remaining grounds of appeal, on the unanimous opinion of the Justices.
Distinguishing conditions
- A clause that states only the general ground that one party's non-performance entitles the other to rescind, since the Court relied on the ground being peculiar to the contract.
- A clause whose objective wording is not clear and univocal, so that the gravity of the underlying violation still bears on the meaning to be ascribed to it.
- A correction order not attributable to the seller, since the clause conditions rescission on a correction order received for reasons attributable to the seller.
Record verification notes
Read the rescission clause word by word before applying this entry: the decision turns on a clause whose wording is clear and univocal and which ties rescission to a correction order under Article 9 received for reasons attributable to the seller. Then confirm whether the correction order was issued for reasons attributable to the seller, since the clause requires it and the Court did not decide that point, and check which version of the Act and its Enforcement Decree governed the contract, since the Court read the clause against Article 6(4) and Article 9(1)(11)(a).
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 계약에서 해제·해지 사유를 약정한 경우, 이에 따라 계약을 해제·해지할 수 있는지와 그 효력을 결정하는 기준(=계약에서 약정한 내용) / 당사자가 어떠한 의미로 해제권 조항을 둔 것인지 해석하는 방법 및 이때 고려하여야 할 사항 / 약정해제 사유가 처분문서로 작성된 경우, 이를 해석하는 방법 [2] 갑이 매도인인 을 신탁회사 및 위탁자인 병과 체결한 오피스텔 분양계약에는 "매수인은 매도인의 귀책사유로 인해 ‘매도인이 건축물의 분양에 관한 법률 제9조에 따른 시정명령을 받은 경우’에는 계약을 해제할 수 있다."라는 해제조항이 있는데, 이후 을 회사가 같은 법 제9조에 따른 시정명령을 받자, 갑이 위 해제조항에 따른 약정해제권을 행사한 사안에서, 위 해제조항에 따라 분양계약을 해제하기 위해서는 시정명령을 받게 된 위반사항이 반드시 중대한 위반사항에 해당할 필요가 없는데도, 위 시정명령은 경미한 위반사항으로 인한 것이므로 갑이 위 해제조항에 따라 분양계약을 해제할 수 없다고 본 원심판단에 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] Where a contract stipulates grounds for rescission or termination, the criteria for determining whether the contract may be rescinded or terminated pursuant thereto and the effect thereof (= what is stipulated in the contract) / the method of interpreting in what sense the parties provided a clause conferring the right of rescission, and the matters to be considered at that time / the method of interpreting the grounds for contractual rescission where they are set out in a dispositive document [2] In a case where, in an officetel sale contract concluded by A with the trust company B, the seller, and C, the trustor, there was a rescission clause stating that "the buyer may rescind the contract where, on grounds attributable to the seller, 'the seller is subject to a corrective order under Article 9 of the Act on the Sale, etc. of Buildings'," and where, after B was subject to a corrective order under Article 9 of the same Act, A exercised the right of contractual rescission under the aforesaid rescission clause, a case holding that there was a misapprehension of legal principles in the judgment of the court below, which held that A could not rescind the sale contract pursuant to the aforesaid rescission clause on the ground that the aforesaid corrective order was issued for a minor violation, even though the violation that led to the corrective order did not necessarily have to constitute a serious violation in order to rescind the sale contract pursuant to the aforesaid rescission clause
Summary of the holding
[1] 계약에서 해제·해지 사유를 약정한 경우에 그 약정에 의하여 계약을 해제·해지할 수 있는지 여부 및 그 효력은 그 계약에서 약정한 내용에 의하여 결정된다. 당사자가 어떤 의사로 해제권 조항을 둔 것인지는 결국 의사해석의 문제로서, 계약체결의 목적, 해제권 조항을 둔 경위, 조항 자체의 문언 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 논리와 경험법칙에 따라 합리적으로 해석하여야 한다. 다만 해제사유로서 계약당사자 일방의 채무불이행이 있으면 상대방은 계약을 해제할 수 있다는 것과 같은 일반적인 내용이 아니라 그 계약에 특유한 해제사유를 명시하여 정해 두고 있고, 더구나 그 해제사유가 당사자 쌍방에 적용될 수 있는 것이 아니라 어느 일방의 채무이행에만 관련된 것이라거나 최고가 무의미한 해제사유가 포함되어 있는 등의 사정이 있는 경우에는 이를 당사자의 진정한 의사를 판단할 때 고려할 필요가 있다. 나아가 계약당사자 사이에 약정해제 사유를 처분문서인 서면으로 작성한 경우 문언의 객관적인 의미가 명확하다면 특별한 사정이 없는 한 문언대로의 의사표시의 존재와 내용을 인정하여야 하고, 특히 문언의 객관적 의미와 달리 해석함으로써 당사자 사이의 법률관계에 중대한 영향을 초래하게 되는 경우에는 그 문언의 내용을 더욱 엄격하게 해석하여야 한다. [2] 갑이 매도인인 을 신탁회사 및 위탁자인 병과 체결한 오피스텔 분양계약에 "매수인은 매도인의 귀책사유로 인해 ‘매도인이 건축물의 분양에 관한 법률(이하 ‘건축물분양법’이라 한다) 제9조에 따른 시정명령을 받은 경우’에는 계약을 해제할 수 있다."라는 해제조항이 있는데, 이후 을 회사가 건축물분양법 제9조에 따른 시정명령을 받자, 갑이 위 해제조항에 따른 약정해제권을 행사한 사안에서, 위 해제조항은 단순히 채무불이행으로 인한 법정해제권을 주의적으로 규정한 것이 아니라, 건축물분양법 제6조 제4항 및 같은 법 시행령 제9조 제1항 제11호 (가)목에서 ‘분양사업자가 분양대상 건축물과 관련하여 건축물분양법 제9조에 따른 시정명령을 받은 경우 분양받은 자가 분양계약을 해약할 수 있다는 사항’을 분양계약서에 포함시키도록 규정함에 따라 분양계약에 특유한 해제사유를 정한 것이고, 약정해제권의 발생요건은 계약에서 정한 내용에 의하여 결정되므로, 시정명령을 받게 된 위반사항이 반드시 중대한 위반사항에 해당할 필요는 없으며, 위 해제조항은 문언의 객관적인 의미가 명확하게 일의적으로 표현되어 있고, 그 문언상 시정명령을 받게 된 위반사항의 경중 등을 고려하여 해제권의 발생 여부를 따져보아야 한다고 해석하기는 어려운데도, 이와 달리 위 해제조항에 따라 분양계약을 해제하기 위해서는 건축물분양법 제9조에 따른 시정명령을 받았다는 것만으로는 부족하고, 위반사항이 계약의 목적을 달성하기 어렵게 하거나 이러한 위반사실을 알았더라면 분양계약을 체결하지 아니하였을 것이라고 볼 수 있을 정도로 중대한 것이어야 하는데 위 시정명령은 이에 이르지 못한 경미한 위반사항으로 인한 것이어서 갑은 위 해제조항에 따라 분양계약을 해제할 수 없다고 본 원심판단에 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울중앙지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul Central District Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 민법 제105조, 제543조 / [2] 민법 제105조, 제543조, 건축물의 분양에 관한 법률 제6조 제4항, 제9조, 건축물의 분양에 관한 법률 시행령 제9조 제1항 제11호 (가)목
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