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Open Decision Ledger · Criminal law

Contractor's safety duties under Article 63 and the duty of care

Supreme Court, Aug. 14, 2025, 2025Do4428 (judgment)

Case name: 건축물관리법위반·업무상과실치사·업무상과실치상·산업안전보건법위반[도급인이 산업안전보건법 제63조에 따라 부담하는 안전·보건조치의무의 내용이 문제된 사건]

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where a related subcontractor's worker works at the contractor's site, do Articles 38 and 39 of the amended Industrial Safety and Health Act, which set out the safety and health measures the 'business owner' must take, also govern the contractor's duty under Article 63, and can that duty form the duty of care for an offence of negligent homicide or injury?

  2. Holding

    In principle, yes. Article 38 and Article 39 of the Act wholly amended by Act No. 16272 of 15 January 2019, effective 16 January 2020, apply in principle to the contractor's safety and health duty under Article 63 where a related subcontractor's worker works at the contractor's site, but the direct measures concerning the worker's work conduct, such as an instruction to wear protective equipment, fall outside the contractor's sphere of responsibility and are excluded under the proviso of Article 63. That duty may constitute the duty of care on which an offence of negligent homicide or injury rests.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    관계수급인 근로자가 도급인의 사업장에서 작업을 하는 경우, ‘사업주’가 해야 할 안전·보건조치를 정한 개정 산업안전보건법 제38조, 제39조는 원칙적으로 제63조 본문에 따른 도급인의 안전·보건조치에 관하여도 적용된다고 보는 것이 타당하고

    Unofficial English translation

    Where an employee of a related subcontractor performs work at the place of business of the contractor, it is reasonable to regard Articles 38 and 39 of the amended Occupational Safety and Health Act, which set forth the safety and health measures to be taken by the 'employer', as applying in principle to the contractor's safety and health measures under the main text of Article 63 as well, and
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 모두 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    All appeals are dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    다만 제63조 단서에 따라 도급인의 책임 영역에 속하지 않는 보호구 착용의 지시 등 근로자의 작업행동에 관한 직접적인 조치는 제외된다.

    Unofficial English translation

    However, under the proviso to Article 63, direct measures concerning the work conduct of employees, such as instructions to wear protective equipment, which do not fall within the scope of the contractor's area of responsibility, are excluded.
  5. Factors

    • 문언과 체계, 입법 취지 등에 비추어 보면
    • 도급의 내용이나 범위를 묻지 않고
    • 도급인의 책임을 강화함으로써 도급 사업장에서 발생하는 산업재해를 예방하여 근로자의 생명과 안전을 보호하기 위함이다
    • 도급인의 책임 영역에 속하지 않는 보호구 착용의 지시 등 근로자의 작업행동에 관한 직접적인 조치는 제외된다

    Unofficial English translation

    • in light of the text and system of the provisions, the purpose of the legislation, and the like,

    • without regard to the content or scope of the contract work,

    • it is intended to prevent industrial accidents occurring at places of business where contract work is performed and to protect the lives and safety of employees by strengthening the responsibility of the contractor;

    • direct measures concerning the work conduct of employees, such as instructions to wear protective equipment, which do not fall within the scope of the contractor's area of responsibility, are excluded

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2024. 11. 14. 선고 2023도14674 판결(공2025상, 84)

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2023Do14674 decided November 14, 2024 (Gong 2025 Sang, 84)

    Decisions referred to

    대법원 2023. 12. 28. 선고 2023도12316 판결(공2024상, 325), 대법원 2024. 11. 14. 선고 2023도14674 판결(공2025상, 84)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    How far does the exclusion in the proviso of Article 63 reach when a measure concerns the worker's conduct but is also the only way to prevent a fall or a collapse at the site?

    A later decision construing the proviso of Article 63, or an amendment to Article 63 or to Article 1 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards, would call for this entry to be read again. So would a record in which the accident turned on a measure about the worker's work conduct rather than the worksite itself.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

8 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24

A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on all 8 axes.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The Gwangju High Court, in its judgment of 21 February 2025 (2022No329), left in place the first-instance judgments on the charges of negligent homicide and injury against Defendants 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8: those charged parts were held not proved, either decided as not guilty in the appellate reasons or left as the first instance had found, while the negligent homicide and injury part concerning Defendant 1, apart from the parts acquitted in the reasons, was held guilty. It also left in place the first-instance convictions of Defendant 3 and the company of Defendant 6 for breach of the Industrial Safety and Health Act.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court found no error. On the prosecution's appeal it held that the appellate judgment on the charges found not proved, or left as acquittals, showed no breach of the rules of logic and experience, the limits of free evaluation of evidence, or the law of negligent homicide and injury. On Defendants 3, 4 and 5's appeal it held that the appellate findings on the cause of the accident breached neither those rules nor the law of negligent homicide and injury, that they bore the safety duty as the actors under Article 63 main clause and Article 38, that this duty grounds the duty of care, and that Supreme Court Decision 2023Do7386 was inappropriate to apply here. It found no error in the Industrial Safety and Health Act part either, and the Justices unanimously dismissed all the appeals.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A measure that directs the subcontractor's worker's work conduct, such as an instruction to wear protective equipment, since the proviso of Article 63 keeps such direct measures outside the contractor's sphere of responsibility.
  • A worksite that is not the contractor's own site, that is a place the contractor neither provided nor designated and does not control and manage, since Article 63 covers workers working at the contractor's site as defined there.
  • An accident governed by the former Industrial Safety and Health Act, which under Article 29(1) and (3) limited the contractor's duty to cases where the owner's and subcontractor's workers worked in the same place or the subcontractor's worker worked in a place at risk of industrial accident as prescribed by Ministerial ordinance, since the Court construed the amended Act.

Record verification notes

Set the date and place of the accident against the amended Act's commencement and against the definition of the contractor's site in Article 63, and separate every measure taken into measures about the work itself and measures about the worker's conduct, since the proviso removes only the latter. Then check who the duty rested on: the Court held that Defendants 3, 4 and 5 bore the duty as the actors under Article 63 main clause and Article 38.

From the official text

Points at issue

관계수급인 근로자가 도급인의 사업장에서 작업을 하는 경우, ‘사업주’가 해야 할 안전·보건조치를 정한 산업안전보건법 제38조, 제39조가 제63조 본문에 따른 도급인의 안전·보건조치에 관하여도 적용되는지 여부(원칙적 적극) / 도급인에게 산업안전보건법 제63조 본문에 따라 부과된 안전·보건조치의무가 업무상과실치사상죄의 주의의무를 구성할 수 있는지 여부(적극)

Unofficial English translation

Where an employee of a related subcontractor performs work at the place of business of the contractor, whether Articles 38 and 39 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which set forth the safety and health measures to be taken by the 'employer', also apply to the contractor's safety and health measures under the main text of Article 63 (affirmative in principle) / Whether the duty of safety and health measures imposed on the contractor under the main text of Article 63 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act may constitute the duty of care for the crime of negligent injury or death in the course of business (affirmative)

Summary of the holding

2019. 1. 15. 법률 제16272호로 전부 개정(2020. 1. 16. 시행)된 산업안전보건법(이하 ‘개정 산업안전보건법’이라고 한다)은 ‘사업주’에게 위험의 종류, 작업 내용, 작업 장소 등에 따른 안전·보건조치의무를 부과하면서, 안전·보건조치의 구체적인 사항을 고용노동부령에 위임하는 외에(제38조, 제39조), ‘도급인’도 관계수급인 근로자가 도급인의 사업장에서 작업을 하는 경우에 안전·보건조치의무를 부담한다고 정하고 있다(제63조). 고용노동부령인 산업안전보건기준에 관한 규칙 제1조는 제정의 근거가 된 위임규정으로 개정 산업안전보건법 제38조, 제39조 외에 제63조도 포함하고 있다. 구 산업안전보건법(2019. 1. 15. 법률 제16272호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것)은 도급사업 시의 안전·보건조치와 관련하여, 사업의 일부 또는 전문 분야 공사 전부를 도급 주는 사업주 중 그 사업주의 근로자와 수급인의 근로자가 같은 장소에서 작업을 하는 경우 또는 수급인의 근로자가 추락, 토사 붕괴 등 고용노동부령으로 정하는 산업재해 발생위험이 있는 장소에서 작업을 하는 경우에 한정하여 도급인에게 산업재해 예방을 위한 조치의무를 부과하고 있었다(제29조 제1항, 제3항). 반면 개정 산업안전보건법은 도급의 내용이나 범위를 묻지 않고, 도급인에게 자신의 사업장(도급인이 제공하거나 지정한 경우로서 도급인이 지배·관리하는 장소를 포함한다)에서 작업을 하는 관계수급인 근로자에 대하여 산업재해 예방에 필요한 안전·보건조치의무를 부담하도록 하되(제63조 본문), 다만 보호구 착용의 지시 등 관계수급인 근로자의 작업행동에 관한 직접적인 조치는 제외한다는 예외 규정을 두고 있다(제63조 단서). 위와 같이 개정 산업안전보건법은 자신의 사업장에서 작업하는 관계수급인 근로자에 대하여 안전·보건조치의무를 부담하는 도급인의 범위를 대폭 확대하였다. 이는 도급인의 책임을 강화함으로써 도급 사업장에서 발생하는 산업재해를 예방하여 근로자의 생명과 안전을 보호하기 위함이다. 이러한 개정 산업안전보건법의 문언과 체계, 입법 취지 등에 비추어 보면, 관계수급인 근로자가 도급인의 사업장에서 작업을 하는 경우, ‘사업주’가 해야 할 안전·보건조치를 정한 개정 산업안전보건법 제38조, 제39조는 원칙적으로 제63조 본문에 따른 도급인의 안전·보건조치에 관하여도 적용된다고 보는 것이 타당하고, 다만 제63조 단서에 따라 도급인의 책임 영역에 속하지 않는 보호구 착용의 지시 등 근로자의 작업행동에 관한 직접적인 조치는 제외된다. 한편 도급인에게 개정 산업안전보건법 제63조 본문에 따라 부과된 안전·보건조치의무는 업무상과실치사상죄의 주의의무를 구성할 수 있다.

Order

상고를 모두 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

All appeals are dismissed.

Provisions referred to

구 산업안전보건법(2019. 1. 15. 법률 제16272호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제29조 제1항, 제3항, 산업안전보건법 제38조, 제39조, 제63조, 산업안전보건기준에 관한 규칙 제1조

Read 2026-10-24 · Cross-read 2026-10-24. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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