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Open Decision Ledger · Criminal & investigative procedure

Direct connection to a transferred crime and prosecution by the investigating prosecutor

Supreme Court, Sept. 25, 2025, 2025Do6707 (judgment)

Case name: 성폭력범죄의처벌등에관한특례법위반(친족관계에의한강간)·성폭력범죄의처벌등에관한특례법위반(친족관계에의한준강간)·성폭력범죄의처벌등에관한특례법위반(친족관계에의한강제추행)·특정범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(보복협박등)·특수폭행·스토킹범죄의처벌등에관한법률위반

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Under Article 4 of the Prosecution Service Act, what makes a crime that a prosecutor learned of during the investigation of a crime transferred by a judicial police officer one directly related to that original crime, and may the same investigating prosecutor then prosecute it?

  2. Holding

    It does. For Article 4(1)(i) proviso, ‘directly’ means connected without an intermediary act or the mediation of another cause, and ‘relatedness’ means a concrete and particular link seen by weighing the subject of the investigation and its course and circumstances, so that the range a prosecutor may initiate investigations in is not extended indiscriminately while related offences surfacing naturally in the investigation can still be pursued. The ‘crimes transferred by judicial police officers’ in the proviso to Article 4(2) covers not only the transferred crime itself but also a crime learned of in connection with it that is directly related to it, so the investigating prosecutor may prosecute that crime as well.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    한편 검찰청법 제4조 제2항 본문의 예외가 되는 제4조 제2항 단서의 ‘사법경찰관이 송치한 범죄’는 ‘사법경찰관이 송치한 범죄 그 자체’뿐만 아니라 ‘그와 관련하여 인지한 해당 범죄와 직접 관련성이 있는 범죄’도 포함하는 것으로 해석함이 타당하다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Meanwhile, it is reasonable to construe 'the crimes transferred by judicial police officers' in the proviso to Article 4 (2), which is an exception to the main text of Article 4 (2) of the Prosecution Service Act, as including not only 'the crimes transferred by judicial police officers themselves' but also 'a crime directly related to the relevant crime learned of in connection therewith.'
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The appeal is dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Circumstances weighed Stated in the decision

    특정 혐의사실의 수사과정에서 연관성 있는 다른 혐의사실이 자연스럽게 드러나거나 발견되는 경우 신속한 수사에 의한 실체적 진실 발견을 통해 피해자의 권리를 구제하고 정의를 실현할 필요도 있다는 점을 아울러 고려하여야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    It must also be taken into consideration that, where in the course of investigating a particular suspected fact other related suspected facts naturally come to light or are discovered, there is a need to remedy the victim's rights and realize justice through the discovery of substantive truth by a swift investigation.
  5. Factors

    • 여기서 ‘직접’은 중간행위나 다른 원인의 매개 없이 연결되는 것을 의미하고, ‘관련성’은 수사의 대상, 수사의 과정과 경위 등을 종합하여 구체적·개별적 연관관계가 있는 경우를 의미한다.
    • 검사가 수사개시할 수 있는 범죄의 범위가 무분별하게 확대되지 않도록 하되
    • 특정 혐의사실의 수사과정에서 연관성 있는 다른 혐의사실이 자연스럽게 드러나거나 발견되는 경우
    • 사법경찰관으로부터 송치받은 사건과 관련하여 수사를 개시한 범죄까지 수사검사가 공소를 제기할 수 없도록 하는 것은 불합리하다는 의견에 따라 단서 조항이 추가되었다.

    Unofficial English translation

    • Here, 'direct' means a connection made without the mediation of an intervening act or another cause, and 'relevance' means a case where there is a concrete and individual connection in light of an overall consideration of the object of the investigation, the course and circumstances of the investigation, and the like.

    • so that the scope of crimes for which a prosecutor may commence an investigation is not indiscriminately expanded, but

    • where, in the course of investigating a particular suspected fact, other related suspected facts naturally come to light or are discovered

    • the proviso was added in accordance with the opinion that it would be unreasonable to prohibit the prosecutor in charge of the investigation from instituting a public prosecution with respect to crimes for which an investigation was commenced in connection with the case transferred from judicial police officers.

  6. Relation to precedent

    States a new standard Read from the decision

    여기서 ‘직접’은 중간행위나 다른 원인의 매개 없이 연결되는 것을 의미하고, ‘관련성’은 수사의 대상, 수사의 과정과 경위 등을 종합하여 구체적·개별적 연관관계가 있는 경우를 의미한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Here, 'direct' means a connection made without the mediation of an intervening act or another cause, and 'relevance' means a case where there is a concrete and individual connection in light of an overall consideration of the object of the investigation, the course and circumstances of the investigation, and the like.

    Decisions referred to

    해당 본문 참조

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    If a further offence comes to light only after the investigation of the transferred crime has ended, is it still a crime directly related to that original crime?

    A later Supreme Court decision fixing the limit of ‘direct relatedness’ under Article 4(1)(i) of the Prosecution Service Act, or an amendment to Article 4 of that Act or to the Regulation on the Range of Crimes a Prosecutor May Initiate including [Annex 3], would require this entry to be read again. Facts showing that the further offences were found through a source independent of the investigation of the transferred crime would also call for a fresh reading.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

5 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24

A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 5 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 4 (form of the test), axis 6 (relation to precedent), axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).

Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Circumstances weighed” vs Independent “Elements stated”

The primary emphasizes the holding's instruction to weigh investigative circumstances and competing purposes, while the independent emphasizes its definitions of directness and relatedness.

여기서 ‘직접’은 중간행위나 다른 원인의 매개 없이 연결되는 것을 의미하고, ‘관련성’은 수사의 대상, 수사의 과정과 경위 등을 종합하여 구체적·개별적 연관관계가 있는 경우를 의미한다.

Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “States a new standard” vs Independent “Cannot be determined”

The primary may treat the express statutory definitions as a new standard, while the independent may reserve judgment because the supplied text does not establish their relationship to earlier precedents.

여기서 ‘직접’은 중간행위나 다른 원인의 매개 없이 연결되는 것을 의미하고, ‘관련성’은 수사의 대상, 수사의 과정과 경위 등을 종합하여 구체적·개별적 연관관계가 있는 경우를 의미한다.

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “If a further offence comes to light only after the investigation of the transferred crime has ended, is it still a crime directly related to that original crime?” vs Independent “How much factual overlap is required for two offenses to be directly related when they emerge from separate investigative steps?”

The primary asks about offenses discovered after the original investigation ends, whereas the independent asks how much factual overlap separate investigative steps must reveal.

한편 검찰청법 제4조 제2항 본문의 예외가 되는 제4조 제2항 단서의 ‘사법경찰관이 송치한 범죄’는 ‘사법경찰관이 송치한 범죄 그 자체’뿐만 아니라 ‘그와 관련하여 인지한 해당 범죄와 직접 관련성이 있는 범죄’도 포함하는 것으로 해석함이 타당하다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The Seoul High Court, in its judgment of 24 April 2025 (2024No3318), held that the prosecution's initiation of an investigation into Crimes 1, 2 and 3 and its prosecution of them were lawful. The judgment below is described in the official text only as having found that result for the reasons stated in it, and those reasons are not set out there.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court found no error. Weighing the circumstances, it held that the three offences were either same or similar offences the suspect had committed, or offences committed against the victim of the original crime or a person closely connected to her, were the root cause and background of the transferred crime, and came to light naturally in its investigation, so a direct connection was established and the initiation of the investigation was lawful. The retaliation threat offence was also an important crime, the offence under Article 5-9 of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment of Specific Crimes, listed under Article 2, item 3(a) of the Regulation on the Range of Crimes a Prosecutor May Initiate in [Annex 3], so its investigation was lawful on that ground as well; because the proviso to Article 4(2) covers offences directly related to the transferred crime, the investigating prosecutor's prosecution of the three offences was lawful, and the remaining grounds on the establishment of the stalking offence and the credibility of the victim's statements also failed, so the Justices unanimously dismissed the appeal.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A further offence that is linked to the transferred crime only through an intermediary act or the mediation of another cause, so that no direct connection exists.
  • A crime the investigating prosecutor learned of that is not the transferred crime itself and is not directly related to it, since Article 4(2) bars that prosecution.
  • A related offence that was not disclosed during the investigation of the transferred crime but emerged from an independent source, since the Court relied on its surfacing in that investigation.

Record verification notes

Build the chain from the file: which offence the judicial police officer transferred and when, at what moment and on what statement the further offences became known, and what links each of them to the transferred crime in subject, course and circumstances. Then separate the two routes, because the retaliation threat offence was held independently to be an important crime listed under Article 2, item 3(a) of the Regulation on the Range of Crimes a Prosecutor May Initiate in [Annex 3], so that its investigation does not depend on the direct-connection test. Finally confirm which version of Article 4 applies, since the provision on prosecution was newly inserted by Act No. 18861 of 9 May 2022.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 검찰청법 제4조 제1항 제1호 단서에서 검사가 수사를 개시하여 1차적 수사를 직접 담당할 수 있는 범죄를 제한한 취지 / 검찰청법 제4조 제1항 제1호 (다)목에 따라 검사가 수사를 개시할 수 있는 범죄의 범위에 포함된 ‘(가)목·(나)목의 범죄 및 사법경찰관이 송치한 범죄(본래범죄)와 관련하여 인지한 각 해당 범죄와 직접 관련성이 있는 범죄’에서 ‘직접’ 및 ‘관련성’의 의미 / 본래범죄와 ‘직접 관련성이 있는 범죄’에 해당하는지를 판단할 때 고려하여야 할 사항 [2] 검찰청법 제4조 제2항에서 검사가 기소할 수 있는 범위를 제한한 취지 / 검찰청법 제4조 제2항 본문의 예외가 되는 같은 항 단서의 ‘사법경찰관이 송치한 범죄’에 ‘사법경찰관이 송치한 범죄 그 자체’뿐만 아니라 ‘그와 관련하여 인지한 해당 범죄와 직접 관련성이 있는 범죄’도 포함되는지 여부(적극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] The purpose of restricting, in the proviso to Article 4 (1) 1 of the Prosecution Service Act, the crimes for which a prosecutor may commence an investigation and directly undertake the primary investigation / The meaning of 'direct' and 'relevance' in 'a crime directly related to each relevant crime learned of in connection with the crimes under items (ga) and (na) and the crimes transferred by judicial police officers (the original crime)' included in the scope of crimes for which a prosecutor may commence an investigation pursuant to Article 4 (1) 1 (da) of the Prosecution Service Act / Matters to be considered when determining whether a crime constitutes 'a crime directly related' to the original crime [2] The purpose of restricting, in Article 4 (2) of the Prosecution Service Act, the scope within which a prosecutor may institute a public prosecution / Whether 'the crimes transferred by judicial police officers' in the proviso to the same paragraph, which is an exception to the main text of Article 4 (2) of the Prosecution Service Act, includes not only 'the crimes transferred by judicial police officers themselves' but also 'a crime directly related to the relevant crime learned of in connection therewith' (affirmative)

Summary of the holding

[1] 검찰청법 제4조 제1항 제1호 단서는, 검사가 수사를 개시할 수 있는 범죄의 범위를 부패범죄, 경제범죄 등 대통령령으로 정하는 중요 범죄[(가)목], 경찰공무원 및 고위공직자범죄수사처 소속 공무원이 범한 범죄[(나)목], (가)목·(나)목의 범죄 및 사법경찰관이 송치한 범죄(이하 ‘본래범죄’라 한다)와 관련하여 인지한 각 해당 범죄와 직접 관련성이 있는 범죄[(다)목]로 규정하여 검사가 수사를 개시할 수 있는 범죄의 범위를 열거하였다. 검찰청법 제4조 제1항 제1호 단서에서 검사가 수사를 개시하여 1차적 수사를 직접 담당할 수 있는 범죄를 제한한 것은, 사법경찰관이 1차적 수사를 담당하고 검사가 보완수사요구(형사소송법 제197조의2), 시정조치요구(형사소송법 제197조의3) 등을 함으로써 사법경찰관과 검사의 상호협력 및 상호견제 구조에서 수사의 효율을 높이고 국민의 안전과 인권을 보호하기 위한 것이다. 한편 검찰청법 제4조 제1항 제1호 (다)목은 검사가 수사를 개시할 수 있는 범죄의 범위에 ‘본래범죄와 관련하여 인지한 각 해당 범죄와 직접 관련성이 있는 범죄’를 포함시키고 있다. 여기서 ‘직접’은 중간행위나 다른 원인의 매개 없이 연결되는 것을 의미하고, ‘관련성’은 수사의 대상, 수사의 과정과 경위 등을 종합하여 구체적·개별적 연관관계가 있는 경우를 의미한다. 본래범죄와 ‘직접 관련성이 있는 범죄’에 해당하는지 여부를 판단할 때에는 문언의 의미와 앞서 본 입법 취지 등을 염두에 두어 검사가 수사개시할 수 있는 범죄의 범위가 무분별하게 확대되지 않도록 하되, 특정 혐의사실의 수사과정에서 연관성 있는 다른 혐의사실이 자연스럽게 드러나거나 발견되는 경우 신속한 수사에 의한 실체적 진실 발견을 통해 피해자의 권리를 구제하고 정의를 실현할 필요도 있다는 점을 아울러 고려하여야 한다. [2] 검찰청법 제4조 제2항 본문은 "검사는 자신이 수사개시한 범죄에 대하여는 공소를 제기할 수 없다."라고 규정하고 있고, 단서는 "다만 사법경찰관이 송치한 범죄에 대하여는 그러하지 아니하다."라고 규정하고 있다. 검찰청법 제4조 제2항에서 검사가 기소할 수 있는 범위를 제한한 것은, 수사·기소의 객관성과 공정성을 담보하기 위하여 수사와 기소의 주체를 원칙적으로 분리하여 상호견제가 가능하도록 하기 위한 것이다. 한편 검찰청법 제4조 제2항 본문의 예외가 되는 제4조 제2항 단서의 ‘사법경찰관이 송치한 범죄’는 ‘사법경찰관이 송치한 범죄 그 자체’뿐만 아니라 ‘그와 관련하여 인지한 해당 범죄와 직접 관련성이 있는 범죄’도 포함하는 것으로 해석함이 타당하다. 그 이유는 다음과 같다. ① 검찰청법 제4조 제2항은 검찰청법이 2022. 5. 9. 법률 제18861호로 개정되면서 신설된 조항이다. 당시 국회 논의 과정을 보면, 최초에는 검찰청법 제4조 제2항 단서가 없는 상태에서 논의되다가 사법경찰관으로부터 송치받은 사건과 관련하여 수사를 개시한 범죄까지 수사검사가 공소를 제기할 수 없도록 하는 것은 불합리하다는 의견에 따라 단서 조항이 추가되었다. ② 이는 수사검사가 공소를 제기하지 못하는 범죄의 범위에서 ‘사법경찰관이 송치한 범죄와 관련하여 인지한 해당 범죄와 직접 관련성이 있는 범죄’를 제외하기 위한 것으로 해석할 수 있다.

Order

상고를 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

The appeal is dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 검찰청법 제4조 제1항 제1호, 형사소송법 제197조의2, 제197조의3 / [2] 검찰청법 제4조 제2항, 형사소송법 제327조 제2호

Read 2026-10-24 · Cross-read 2026-10-24. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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