Open Decision Ledger · Constitutional, administrative & state liability
Employer's duty to seek discipline after a sufficient investigation
Supreme Court, Sept. 11, 2025, 2025Du30721 (judgment)
Case name: 기관경고처분등취소
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Must a private school foundation, as the appointing authority, require a disciplinary resolution once sufficient investigation shows plainly that a teacher's conduct is a disciplinary ground, and may a failure to investigate where there is substantial reason to suspect be evaluated as a breach of both that statutory duty and the chairperson's duty of care as a prudent manager?
Holding
The appointing authority has discretion whether a teacher's conduct is a disciplinary ground, but once sufficient investigation shows plainly that it is, it must require a resolution from the competent teachers' disciplinary committee. Where there is substantial reason to suspect a ground and the appointing authority does not require a resolution without sufficient investigation, that failure may be evaluated as a breach of the statutory duty. The same failure may also be evaluated as a breach of the chairperson's duty of care, which means the degree of care a person of ordinary diligence would ordinarily exercise in the particular situation, applied through Article 61 of the Civil Code as applied by Article 27 of the Private School Act.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
사립학교 교원의 임용권자는 소속 교원의 구체적인 행위가 징계사유에 해당하는지에 관하여 판단할 재량은 있지만, 충분한 조사를 거친 결과 그 행위가 징계사유에 해당하는 것이 명백한 경우에는 관할 교원징계위원회 또는 징계위원회에 징계의결을 요구할 의무가 있다고 보아야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
The appointing authority of a private school faculty member has discretion to determine whether a specific act of a faculty member under the authority falls under a ground for disciplinary action, but where, as a result of conducting sufficient investigation, it is clear that the act falls under a ground for disciplinary action, it must be regarded as having a duty to request a resolution on disciplinary action from the competent Teacher Disciplinary Committee or Disciplinary Committee.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
소속 교원의 구체적인 행위가 징계사유에 해당하는지에 관하여 판단할 재량은 있지만, 충분한 조사를 거친 결과 그 행위가 징계사유에 해당하는 것이 명백한 경우에는 관할 교원징계위원회 또는 징계위원회에 징계의결을 요구할 의무가 있다고 보아야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
There is discretion to determine whether a specific act of a faculty member under the authority falls under a ground for disciplinary action, but where, as a result of conducting sufficient investigation, it is clear that the act falls under a ground for disciplinary action, it must be regarded as having a duty to request a resolution on disciplinary action from the competent Teacher Disciplinary Committee or Disciplinary Committee.
Factors
- 충분한 조사를 거친 결과 그 행위가 징계사유에 해당하는 것이 명백한 경우에는
- 사립학교 교원의 구체적인 행위가 징계사유에 해당한다고 의심할 만한 상당한 이유가 있음에도 불구하고
- 개인정보 보호법 제15조 제1항을 위반하여 개인정보를 처리한 경우에 해당한다면
- 국가공무원법 제56조의 성실의무를 위반한 것으로서 사립학교법 제61조 제1항 제1호에서 정한 징계사유에 해당하고
- 선량한 관리자의 주의란 보통의 주의력을 가진 행위자가 구체적인 상황에서 통상 가져야 할 주의의 정도를 말하는 것이다
Unofficial English translation
• Where, as a result of conducting sufficient investigation, it is clear that the act falls under a ground for disciplinary action,
• Despite there being substantial grounds to suspect that a specific act of a private school faculty member falls under a ground for disciplinary action,
• If it falls under a case of processing personal information in violation of Article 15 (1) of the Personal Information Protection Act,
• It constitutes a violation of the duty of fidelity under Article 56 of the National Civil Service Act and thus falls under a ground for disciplinary action provided in Article 61, paragraph (1), subparagraph 1 of the Private School Act, and
• The care of a good manager refers to the degree of care that an actor of ordinary prudence would normally exercise in the specific circumstances
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2007. 7. 12. 선고 2006도1390 판결(공2007하, 1309)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2006Do1390 decided July 12, 2007 (Gong 2007 Ha, 1309)
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2007. 7. 12. 선고 2006도1390 판결(공2007하, 1309) / [2] 대법원 1985. 3. 26. 선고 84다카1923 판결(공1985, 621)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
How much investigation must the appointing authority carry out before it may treat as a mere administrative error a misconduct check that was unnecessary because discipline was already under way?
The remand judgment of the Seoul High Court on whether the request breached Article 15(1) of the Personal Information Protection Act and what further investigation was required will show how the two limbs of the duty are applied. Any change to Article 61 of the Private School Act or a later decision on the appointing authority's investigative duty would also require this entry to be read again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24
A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 6 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 2 (holding), axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).
Axis 2 (Holding): Primary “The appointing authority has discretion whether a teacher's conduct is a disciplinary ground, but once sufficient investigation shows plainly that it is, it must require a resolution from the competent teachers' disciplinary committee. Where there is substantial reason to suspect a ground and the appointing authority does not require a resolution without sufficient investigation, that failure may be evaluated as a breach of the statutory duty. The same failure may also be evaluated as a breach of the chairperson's duty of care, which means the degree of care a person of ordinary diligence would ordinarily exercise in the particular situation, applied through Article 61 of the Civil Code as applied by Article 27 of the Private School Act.” vs Independent “Both duties are breached when sufficient investigation clearly establishes disciplinary grounds but no deliberation is requested, or when substantial grounds for suspicion exist but no request is made without sufficient investigation. The conduct in this case could constitute such breaches, requiring reconsideration on remand.”
For substantial suspicion without sufficient investigation, the primary says failure to request deliberation may constitute a breach, whereas the independent states categorically that both duties are breached.
사립학교 교원의 임용권자는 소속 교원의 구체적인 행위가 징계사유에 해당하는지에 관하여 판단할 재량은 있지만, 충분한 조사를 거친 결과 그 행위가 징계사유에 해당하는 것이 명백한 경우에는 관할 교원징계위원회 또는 징계위원회에 징계의결을 요구할 의무가 있다고 보아야 한다.Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “How much investigation must the appointing authority carry out before it may treat as a mere administrative error a misconduct check that was unnecessary because discipline was already under way?” vs Independent “Did the collection of misconduct information in this case actually violate Article 15(1) of the Personal Information Protection Act?”
The primary asks how much investigation permits treating the inquiry as an administrative error, while the independent asks whether the information collection actually violated privacy law.
사립학교 교원의 임용권자는 소속 교원의 구체적인 행위가 징계사유에 해당하는지에 관하여 판단할 재량은 있지만, 충분한 조사를 거친 결과 그 행위가 징계사유에 해당하는 것이 명백한 경우에는 관할 교원징계위원회 또는 징계위원회에 징계의결을 요구할 의무가 있다고 보아야 한다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Seoul High Court, in its judgment of 6 December 2024 (2023Nu71232), held that the school's acts of requesting a misconduct check from the prosecution office, the police and the Board of Audit and Inspection could not be established as a disciplinary ground under Article 61(1)(i) of the Private School Act. It added that the plaintiffs, who were not legal professionals, could not have recognised any such ground, so their failure to require a disciplinary resolution was not a breach of the duty of care.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the court below misread the law. If the teacher's act of requesting a misconduct check with the office staff breached Article 15(1) of the Personal Information Protection Act, it breached the duty of diligence under Article 56 of the National Public Service Act and so was a disciplinary ground under Article 61(1)(i) of the Private School Act, and the court below was wrong to hold that a further reading of the law could take it outside that provision. On the second act, the record showed the foundation knew the request had been made while discipline was already under way, sent a written inquiry to two of the three people involved but examined none of the third, and accepted an excuse of standard practice without checking comparable cases, so it was likely to have breached both the statutory duty and the chairperson's duty of care.
Distinguishing conditions
- A case where sufficient investigation by the appointing authority leaves it neither plainly a disciplinary ground nor reasonably suspected of being one, since the duty turns on the result of that investigation.
- A request for a misconduct check that falls within one of the reasons in Article 15(1) of the Personal Information Protection Act, such as the data subject's consent or a special statutory provision, since the ground of discipline then does not arise.
- An assessment of the first act concerning the former principal, because the Court made its finding at least as to the second act concerning the teacher.
Record verification notes
Set out what investigation the appointing authority actually carried out, person by person and document by document, since the Court relied on the inquiry sent to two people and the omission of the third. Then match the conduct against the reasons in Article 15(1) of the Personal Information Protection Act before turning to Article 61(1)(i) of the Private School Act, which the Court treated as following from a breach of that Article. Note also that the reason given by the Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education also cited Article 61-2(1) of the Private School Act and Article 15(1) of the Act on the Protection of Public Interest Reporters, while the Court reasoned from Article 15(1) of the Personal Information Protection Act.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 사립학교 교원의 임용권자가 소속 교원의 구체적인 행위가 징계사유에 해당하는지에 관하여 충분한 조사를 거친 결과 징계사유에 해당하는 것이 명백한 경우, 관할 교원징계위원회 등에 징계의결을 요구할 의무가 있는지 여부(적극) 및 사립학교 교원의 구체적인 행위가 징계사유에 해당한다고 의심할 만한 상당한 이유가 있음에도 임용권자가 충분한 조사를 거치지 않은 채 징계의결을 요구하지 않은 경우, 사립학교법상 징계의결 요구 의무를 위반한 것인지 여부(적극) [2] 사립학교법 제27조에 따라 준용되는 민법 제61조에서 정한 ‘선량한 관리자의 주의’의 의미 및 학교법인의 이사장이 소속 교원의 징계혐의에 대하여 충분한 조사를 거친 결과 그 행위가 징계사유에 해당함이 분명해졌음에도 징계의결을 요구하지 않거나, 사립학교 교원의 구체적인 행위가 징계사유에 해당한다고 의심할 만한 상당한 이유가 있음에도 충분한 조사를 거치지 않은 채 징계의결을 요구하지 않은 경우, 선량한 관리자의 주의의무를 위반한 것인지 여부(적극) [3] 갑 학교법인이 설치·운영하는 고등학교 교감 을과 사무직원이 관할 검찰청, 경찰서, 감사원에 전 교장 병과 교사 정에 관한 ‘비위사실조사 협조 요청’ 공문을 보내 그 결과를 회신받은 사실에 대하여 정이 문제를 제기하고 서울특별시교육청에 민원을 제기하자, 서울특별시교육청이 ‘위 행위는 개인정보 보호법, 사립학교법 등을 위반한 비위행위에 해당하고 이를 알았음에도 관련자들에 대한 징계의결 요구를 하지 않아 선량한 관리자로서 주의의무를 다하지 못하였다.’는 이유로 갑 법인에 대하여 기관경고 처분을, 이사장인 무에 대하여 경고 처분을 한 사안에서, 사립학교 교원인 을의 위 행위가 개인정보 보호법 제15조 제1항을 위반하여 개인정보를 처리한 경우에 해당한다면, 사립학교법 제61조 제1항 제1호에서 정한 징계사유에 해당하고, 갑 법인과 이사장 무가 위 행위와 관련하여 소속 교원인 을에 대하여 징계의결 요구를 하지 않은 것은 사립학교 교원의 임용권자인 학교법인의 법령상 징계의결 요구 의무 및 학교법인 이사장의 선관주의의무를 위반한 것으로 평가할 여지가 크다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether the appointing authority of a private school faculty member has a duty to request a resolution on disciplinary action from the competent Teacher Disciplinary Committee, etc. where, as a result of conducting sufficient investigation into whether a specific act of a faculty member under the authority falls under any ground for disciplinary action, it is clear that the act falls under a ground for disciplinary action (affirmative), and whether, where there are substantial grounds to suspect that a specific act of a private school faculty member falls under a ground for disciplinary action but the appointing authority fails to request a resolution on disciplinary action without conducting sufficient investigation, such constitutes a violation of the duty to request a resolution on disciplinary action under the Private School Act (affirmative) [2] The meaning of "the care of a good manager" as provided in Article 61 of the Civil Act, which applies mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 27 of the Private School Act, and whether, where the chairperson of a school foundation, despite the fact that it has become clear as a result of conducting sufficient investigation into a disciplinary allegation against a faculty member under the authority that the act falls under a ground for disciplinary action, fails to request a resolution on disciplinary action, or where the chairperson fails to request a resolution on disciplinary action without conducting sufficient investigation despite there being substantial grounds to suspect that a specific act of a private school faculty member falls under a ground for disciplinary action, such constitutes a violation of the duty of care of a good manager (affirmative) [3] A case in which, where the vice principal B and an administrative staff member of a high school established and operated by school foundation A sent official documents titled "Request for Cooperation in the Investigation of Misconduct Facts" to the competent prosecutors' office, police station, and the Board of Audit and Inspection concerning former principal C and teacher D, and received the results in reply, teacher D raised an issue as to those facts and filed a complaint with the Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education, the Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education, on the ground that "the foregoing acts constitute misconduct in violation of the Personal Information Protection Act, the Private School Act, etc., and despite being aware thereof, no request for a resolution on disciplinary action was made against the relevant persons, thereby failing to fulfill the duty of care as a good manager," imposed a disposition of institutional warning on corporation A and a warning disposition on chairperson E, and it was held that if the foregoing acts of B, a private school faculty member, fall under a case of processing personal information in violation of Article 15 (1) of the Personal Information Protection Act, they constitute a ground for disciplinary action provided in Article 61, paragraph (1), subparagraph 1 of the Private School Act, and that the fact that corporation A and chairperson E did not request a resolution on disciplinary action against B, a faculty member under their authority, in connection with the foregoing acts leaves ample room for it to be assessed as a violation of the school foundation's statutory duty to request a resolution on disciplinary action as the appointing authority of private school faculty members and of the duty of care of a good manager on the part of the chairperson of the school foundation
Summary of the holding
[1] 사립학교법 제61조 제1항, 제64조, 제66조, 제70조의5에 따르면, 사립학교 교원 또는 사무직원이 징계사유에 해당할 때에는 해당 교원 또는 사무직원의 임용권자는 미리 충분한 조사를 한 후 관할 교원징계위원회 또는 징계위원회에 징계의결을 요구해야 하고, 해당 교원징계위원회 또는 징계위원회는 임용권자로부터 징계의결 요구가 있는 경우에 징계 여부 및 징계양정에 관하여 심의·의결을 해야 하며, 임용권자는 원칙적으로 그 심의·의결 결과에 따라야 한다. 위와 같은 사립학교 교원 등에 대한 징계 관련 규정의 내용에다가 이러한 관련 규정의 입법 취지가 임용권자의 자의적인 징계운영을 견제하려는 데 있는 점까지 보태어 보면, 사립학교 교원의 임용권자는 소속 교원의 구체적인 행위가 징계사유에 해당하는지에 관하여 판단할 재량은 있지만, 충분한 조사를 거친 결과 그 행위가 징계사유에 해당하는 것이 명백한 경우에는 관할 교원징계위원회 또는 징계위원회에 징계의결을 요구할 의무가 있다고 보아야 한다. 또한 앞서 살핀 입법 취지 등에 비추어 보면, 사립학교 교원의 구체적인 행위가 징계사유에 해당한다고 의심할 만한 상당한 이유가 있음에도 불구하고 해당 교원의 임용권자가 충분한 조사를 거치지 않은 채 징계의결을 요구하지 않은 경우에는 위와 같은 법령상의 징계의결 요구 의무를 위반한 것으로 평가할 수 있다. [2] 사립학교법 제19조 제1항은 "이사장은 학교법인을 대표하고 이 법과 정관에 규정된 직무를 수행하며 그 밖에 학교법인 내부의 사무를 총괄한다."라고 규정하고 있고, 사립학교법 제27조에 따라 준용되는 민법 제61조는 "이사는 선량한 관리자의 주의로 그 직무를 행하여야 한다."라고 규정하고 있다. 여기서 선량한 관리자의 주의란 보통의 주의력을 가진 행위자가 구체적인 상황에서 통상 가져야 할 주의의 정도를 말하는 것이다. 그러므로 학교법인의 이사장이 소속 교원의 징계혐의에 대하여 충분한 조사를 거친 결과 그 행위가 징계사유에 해당함이 분명해졌음에도 징계의결을 요구하지 않는다면, 이는 선량한 관리자의 주의의무를 위반한 것으로 보아야 한다. 또한 사립학교 교원의 구체적인 행위가 징계사유에 해당한다고 의심할 만한 상당한 이유가 있음에도 불구하고 학교법인의 이사장이 충분한 조사를 거치지 않은 채 징계의결을 요구하지 않은 경우에도 위와 같은 선량한 관리자의 주의의무를 위반한 것으로 평가할 수 있다. [3] 갑 학교법인이 설치·운영하는 고등학교 교감 을과 사무직원이 관할 검찰청, 경찰서, 감사원(이하 ‘수사기관 등’이라 한다)에 전 교장 병과 교사 정에 관한 ‘비위사실조사 협조 요청’ 공문을 보내 그 결과를 회신받은 사실에 대하여 정이 문제를 제기하고 서울특별시교육청에 민원을 제기하자, 서울특별시교육청이 ‘위 행위는 개인정보 보호법 제15조 제1항, 사립학교법 제61조의2 제1항 등을 위반한 비위행위에 해당하고 이를 알았음에도 관련자들에 대한 징계의결 요구를 하지 않아 선량한 관리자로서 주의의무를 다하지 못하였다.’는 이유로 갑 법인에 대하여 기관경고 처분을, 이사장인 무에 대하여 경고 처분을 한 사안에서, 교감인 을은 사립학교 교원이므로, 을이 사무직원과 함께 수사기관 등에 병과 정에 관한 비위사실 조회를 요청하여 회신을 받은 위 행위가 개인정보 보호법 제15조 제1항을 위반하여 개인정보를 처리한 경우에 해당한다면, 이는 국가공무원법 제56조의 성실의무를 위반한 것으로서 사립학교법 제61조 제1항 제1호에서 정한 징계사유에 해당하고, 제반 사정에 비추어 보면, 갑 법인과 이사장 무가 적어도 정에 관하여 수사기관 등에 비위사실을 조회하여 회신을 받은 행위와 관련하여 소속 교원인 을에 대하여 징계의결 요구를 하지 않은 것은 사립학교 교원의 임용권자인 학교법인의 법령상 징계의결 요구 의무 및 학교법인 이사장의 선관주의의무를 위반한 것으로 평가할 여지가 큰데도, 이와 달리 본 원심판단에 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 사립학교법 제61조 제1항, 제64조, 제66조, 제70조의5 / [2] 사립학교법 제19조 제1항, 제27조, 민법 제61조 / [3] 개인정보 보호법 제15조 제1항, 국가공무원법 제56조, 사립학교법 제19조 제1항, 제27조, 제61조 제1항 제1호, 제64조, 제66조, 제70조의5, 민법 제61조
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