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Open Decision Ledger · Tax & international taxation

Costs directly responding to acquiring a productivity-enhancement facility as the creditable investment amount

Supreme Court, Aug. 14, 2025, 2025Du32946 (judgment)

Case name: 법인세경정거부처분취소[구 조세특례제한법상 생산성향상시설 투자세액공제 대상 투자금인지 문제된 사건]

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Under Article 24(1) of the former Special Tax Treatment Restriction Act, does the investment amount eligible for the productivity-enhancement facility tax credit include construction loan interest, commissioning costs and construction expenses that the plaintiff, which operates nuclear power plants, incurred in building nuclear generating facilities designed to run through automated and microprocessor-based control systems?

  2. Holding

    Only costs spent in direct response to acquiring a productivity-enhancement facility are the investment amount; costs merely incidental to the acquisition process, or contributing to it only indirectly, are not included. Whether an expenditure qualifies is decided by weighing together whether it was made with the intention of acquiring an asset of the facility, whether it was necessarily required so that acquisition would have been difficult without it, and whether reliable contracts and accounting records let it be objectively separated from spending for other purposes on a rational criterion. Because similar concepts in two statutes framed on different criteria and purposes need not be read identically, the credit does not reach the acquisition cost definition in Article 41(1)(ii) of the former Corporate Tax Act.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    생산성향상시설의 취득에 직접적으로 대응하여 지출된 비용만을 세액공제 대상으로 삼아야 하고, 단지 취득 과정에 부수적으로 수반하여 지출된 비용이거나 취득에 간접적으로만 기여하는 비용은 위 조항에서의 투자금액에 포함되지 않는다고 보아야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    only the costs expended in direct correspondence with the acquisition of productivity-enhancing facilities must be made the subject of a tax credit, and costs that were merely incurred incidentally in the course of acquisition or that contribute only indirectly to the acquisition must be regarded as not included in the amount of investment under the foregoing paragraph.
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 모두 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    All appeals are dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Circumstances weighed Stated in the decision

    해당 지출이 신뢰성과 정확성이 구비된 계약서, 회계자료 등의 기초자료를 토대로 다른 목적의 지출과 객관적으로 구분되고 그 구분 기준이 합리적인지 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    a determination must be made by comprehensively considering, among other things, whether the expenditure in question is objectively distinguished from expenditures for other purposes on the basis of source materials such as contracts and accounting data possessing reliability and accuracy, and whether the criteria for such distinction are reasonable.
  5. Factors

    • 생산성향상시설의 취득에 직접적으로 대응하여 지출된 비용만을 세액공제 대상으로 삼아야 하고
    • 주장되는 지출이 생산성향상시설에 속하는 자산의 취득을 위한 의도에서 이루어진 것이었는지
    • 이러한 지출이 자산의 취득을 위해 필수적으로 요구됨에 따라 만일 그와 같은 지출이 없었더라면 생산성향상시설에 속하는 자산을 취득하는 것이 곤란하였는지
    • 해당 지출이 신뢰성과 정확성이 구비된 계약서, 회계자료 등의 기초자료를 토대로 다른 목적의 지출과 객관적으로 구분되고 그 구분 기준이 합리적인지
    • 서로 다른 기준과 목적에 따른 두 법률의 유사 개념을 일치되게 해석할 필요가 없어

    Unofficial English translation

    • only the costs expended in direct correspondence with the acquisition of productivity-enhancing facilities must be made the subject of a tax credit, and

    • whether the alleged expenditure was made with the intention of acquiring assets belonging to productivity-enhancing facilities

    • whether such expenditure was indispensably required for the acquisition of the assets, such that, absent such expenditure, acquiring the assets belonging to productivity-enhancing facilities would have been difficult

    • whether the expenditure in question is objectively distinguished from expenditures for other purposes on the basis of source materials such as contracts and accounting data possessing reliability and accuracy, and whether the criteria for such distinction are reasonable

    • there being no need to interpret, in an identical manner, similar concepts of two statutes founded on different standards and purposes

  6. Relation to precedent

    States a new standard Read from the decision

    생산성향상시설의 취득에 직접적으로 대응하여 지출된 비용만을 세액공제 대상으로 삼아야 하고, 단지 취득 과정에 부수적으로 수반하여 지출된 비용이거나 취득에 간접적으로만 기여하는 비용은 위 조항에서의 투자금액에 포함되지 않는다고 보아야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    only the costs expended in direct correspondence with the acquisition of productivity-enhancing facilities must be made the subject of a tax credit, and costs that were merely incurred incidentally in the course of acquisition or that contribute only indirectly to the acquisition must be regarded as not included in the amount of investment under the foregoing paragraph.

    Decisions referred to

    해당 본문 참조

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    Where construction loan interest and commissioning costs serve the whole construction project and reliable records do not let them be allocated to the automated facilities, how should a court divide them?

    A later Supreme Court decision on the scope of the investment amount under Article 24(1) of the former Special Tax Treatment Restriction Act or on proof in an action revoking a refusal of an amendment request, an amendment to that Article or to Article 41(1)(ii) of the former Corporate Tax Act, or a record showing that a disputed cost was necessary to acquire the automated facilities, would call for this entry to be read again.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24

A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 6 (relation to precedent).

Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “States a new standard” vs Independent “Cannot be determined”

The stated expenditure criteria can prompt the primary reading to identify a new standard, while the absence of an explicit comparison with earlier precedents can prompt the independent reading to leave that relationship unconfirmed.

생산성향상시설의 취득에 직접적으로 대응하여 지출된 비용만을 세액공제 대상으로 삼아야 하고, 단지 취득 과정에 부수적으로 수반하여 지출된 비용이거나 취득에 간접적으로만 기여하는 비용은 위 조항에서의 투자금액에 포함되지 않는다고 보아야 한다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The Daegu High Court, in its judgment of 10 January 2025 (2023Nu12751), held that Shin Wolsong Unit 2 was designed to generate nuclear power through automated and microprocessor-based control systems, so its generation facilities, the reactor equipment and turbine generators, are productivity-enhancement facilities under Article 24(1). It reasoned that although Article 41(1)(ii) of the former Corporate Tax Act defines the acquisition cost of assets made by a domestic corporation as production cost plus ancillary expenses, the former Special Tax Treatment Restriction Act pursues national policy objectives through tax support in specific fields and has a different legislative purpose from the Corporate Tax Act, so similar concepts under the two statutes need not be interpreted identically unless a statute says so. It therefore limited the creditable investment amount to costs directly responding to the automated facilities, held part of the refusal unlawful to the extent of a tax credit of KRW 6,974,554,696, and held the remainder lawful.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court found no error. Reading the appellate reasons against the relevant law and the record, it held that the court below had not failed to examine what was needed, had not breached rules of logic and experience or overstepped free evaluation of evidence, and had not misunderstood the law on the scope of the investment amount under the former Special Tax Treatment Restriction Act or on proof in an action to revoke a refusal of an amendment request. The Justices unanimously dismissed both the plaintiff's and the defendant's appeals, each bearing the appeal costs caused by its own appeal.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Construction loan interest or commissioning costs that correspond directly to the automated facilities themselves, the reactor equipment and turbine generators, since parts of that kind were held to be the investment amount and were allowed by the court below.
  • The containment building, air conditioning, other electrical systems, variable monitoring systems, heating and cooling and air control facilities, which the tax authority treated as safety and waste-treatment facilities outside the credit-eligible assets.
  • A case in which a statute expressly states that a term in one Act bears the same meaning as the similar concept in the other, since the court below's reasoning rested on the absence of any such statement.

Record verification notes

Set each disputed cost against the three points the Court named: the intention to acquire the asset, whether the cost was required so that acquisition would have been difficult without it, and whether reliable records let it be separated from spending for other purposes on a rational criterion. Confirm which version of Article 24(1) applies, since the credit runs to investment made by 31 December 2017 under the text as amended before 19 December 2017. Note the shape of the record below: the plaintiff sought a refund of KRW 82,393,133,710 for the 2014 and 2015 business years, the head of the competent tax office refused KRW 23,481,367,503 of it on 27 December 2019, and the part at issue here is the KRW 12,415,181,301 relating to construction loan interest, commissioning costs and construction expenses.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 구 조세특례제한법 제24조 제1항에 따른 생산성향상시설 투자세액 공제제도의 취지 / 위 조항이 정한 투자세액공제 대상인 투자금액의 범위 및 이에 해당하는지 판단하는 기준 [2] 원자력발전소 등을 운영하고 있는 갑 주식회사가 자동화설비 및 마이크로프로세서 기반의 제어설비를 통하여 원자력 발전을 하는 발전설비를 건설하며 지출한 건설자금이자, 시운전비 등이 구 조세특례제한법상 생산성향상시설 투자세액공제 대상이 되는 투자금액에 해당한다는 이유로 법인세 환급을 구하는 경정청구를 하였으나, 관할 세무서장이 이를 거부한 사안에서, 갑 회사가 지출한 금액 중 자동화 시설인 원자로설비, 터빈발전기 등의 기계장치에 대응하는 부분만 같은 법 제24조 제1항 대상인 투자금액에 해당한다고 본 원심판결을 수긍한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] Purpose of the investment tax credit system for productivity-enhancing facilities under former Article 24 (1) of the Restriction of Special Taxation Act / Scope of the amount of investment eligible for the investment tax credit prescribed by the foregoing paragraph, and the criteria for determining whether a given amount falls within that scope [2] A case in which Company A, which operates nuclear power plants, filed an application for a corrective refund of corporate tax on the ground that construction funds interest, trial operation costs, etc. incurred in constructing power generation facilities that produce nuclear power through automated equipment and microprocessor-based control equipment constitute the amount of investment eligible for the investment tax credit for productivity-enhancing facilities under the former Restriction of Special Taxation Act, but the competent head of the tax office refused the application; holding, affirming the judgment of the court below, that among the amounts expended by Company A, only the portion corresponding to the machinery constituting automated facilities, such as reactor equipment and turbine generators, falls within the amount of investment eligible under Article 24 (1) of the foregoing Act

Summary of the holding

[1] 구 조세특례제한법(2017. 12. 19. 법률 제15227호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제24조 제1항에 따른 생산성향상시설 투자세액 공제제도는, 내국인이 생산성향상시설에 투자하는 경우 투자금액의 일부를 세액공제함으로써 생산성향상시설에 대한 기업의 투자를 촉진하여 기업의 생산성 및 경쟁력을 제고하고자 하는 데 그 취지가 있다. 이는 정책적 목적을 위하여 상당한 특혜를 주는 제도이므로 그 목적에 부합하는 범위에서 제한적으로 적용되어야 한다. 그러므로 생산성향상시설의 취득에 직접적으로 대응하여 지출된 비용만을 세액공제 대상으로 삼아야 하고, 단지 취득 과정에 부수적으로 수반하여 지출된 비용이거나 취득에 간접적으로만 기여하는 비용은 위 조항에서의 투자금액에 포함되지 않는다고 보아야 한다. 그리고 위 조항이 정한 투자세액공제 대상인 투자금액에 해당하는지는, 주장되는 지출이 생산성향상시설에 속하는 자산의 취득을 위한 의도에서 이루어진 것이었는지, 이러한 지출이 자산의 취득을 위해 필수적으로 요구됨에 따라 만일 그와 같은 지출이 없었더라면 생산성향상시설에 속하는 자산을 취득하는 것이 곤란하였는지, 해당 지출이 신뢰성과 정확성이 구비된 계약서, 회계자료 등의 기초자료를 토대로 다른 목적의 지출과 객관적으로 구분되고 그 구분 기준이 합리적인지 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다. [2] 원자력발전소 등을 운영하고 있는 갑 주식회사가 자동화설비 및 마이크로프로세서 기반의 제어설비를 통하여 원자력 발전을 하는 발전설비를 건설하며 지출한 건설자금이자, 시운전비 등이 구 조세특례제한법(2017. 12. 19. 법률 제15227호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 같다)상 생산성향상시설 투자세액공제 대상이 되는 투자금액에 해당한다는 이유로 법인세 환급을 구하는 경정청구를 하였으나, 관할 세무서장이 이를 거부한 사안에서, 해당 발전설비 중 발전시설인 원자로설비, 터빈발전기 등의 기계장치(이하 ‘자동화 시설’이라 한다)는 생산성향상시설에 해당하고, 구 법인세법(2018. 12. 24. 법률 제16008호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제41조 제1항 제2호에서 자산의 취득가액을 ‘내국법인이 제작에 의하여 취득한 자산의 취득가액은 제작원가에 부대비용을 더한 금액’으로 규정하고 있으나, 서로 다른 기준과 목적에 따른 두 법률의 유사 개념을 일치되게 해석할 필요가 없어 구 조세특례제한법 제24조 제1항에 따라 세액공제 대상이 되는 투자금액은 생산성향상시설의 취득에 직접적으로 대응하여 지출된 비용에 한정된다는 이유로 갑 회사가 지출한 금액 중 자동화 시설에 대응하는 부분만 위 조항 대상인 투자금액에 해당한다고 본 원심판결을 수긍한 사례.

Order

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용 중 원고의 상고로 인한 부분은 원고가, 피고의 상고로 인한 부분은 피고가 각 부담한다.

Unofficial English translation

All appeals are dismissed. As for the appeal costs, the portion attributable to the plaintiff's appeal shall be borne by the plaintiff, and the portion attributable to the defendant's appeal shall be borne by the defendant.

Provisions referred to

[1] 구 조세특례제한법(2017. 12. 19. 법률 제15227호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제24조 제1항 / [2] 구 조세특례제한법(2017. 12. 19. 법률 제15227호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제24조 제1항, 구 법인세법(2018. 12. 24. 법률 제16008호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제41조 제1항 제2호

Read 2026-10-24 · Cross-read 2026-10-24. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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