Open Decision Ledger · Tax & international taxation
Deemed gift date and market value in a low-price transfer to a specific corporation
Supreme Court, Jan. 15, 2026, 2025Du34823 (judgment)
Case name: 증여세부과처분취소
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
For a low-price transfer of property by a person in a special relationship to a specific corporation under Article 45-5(2)(ii) of the former Inheritance and Gift Tax Act, does the day the transaction was made, which is the deemed gift date, mean the day the price of the property was settled, and was the transfer of land for KRW 20 billion a low-price transfer when its market value was KRW 32.5 billion?
Holding
It does. The Enforcement Decree of the former Act regulated the specific corporation's benefit and the range of clearly low and high consideration, but left the judgment of the gift date unregulated, so reading Articles 32, 45-5 and 60(1) of the former Act together with their scheme and the purpose of the enactment, the day the transaction was made is the day the property was transferred, that is, the day its price was settled. The Supreme Court accepted the court below's view that 17 May 2019, when the balance was paid and the transfer of title completed, was that day, that the market value of the land was KRW 32.5 billion, and that the transfer for KRW 20 billion was a low-price transfer under Article 45-5(2)(ii) of the former Inheritance and Gift Tax Act.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
그럼에도 구 상증세법 제32조, 제45조의5, 제60조 제1항의 내용 및 체계와 입법 취지 등을 고려하면, 구 상증세법 제45조의5 제2항 제2호 거래의 경우 ‘증여일’로 보는 ‘거래를 한 날’이란 ‘해당 재산의 양도일’로서 ‘해당 재산의 대금을 청산한 날’이라고 봄이 타당하다.
Unofficial English translation
Nevertheless, considering the content and system of Articles 32, 45-5, and 60 (1) of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act and the legislative purpose thereof, etc., in the case of a transaction under Article 45-5 (2), subparagraph 2 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, it is reasonable to regard "the date the transaction was made," which is regarded as the "date of gift," as "the date of transfer of the relevant property," namely, "the date on which the price of the relevant property was settled."
Disposition
Dismissed Stated in the decision
상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고들이 부담한다.
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed. The costs of the final appeal shall be borne by the plaintiffs.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
조세법률주의 원칙상 조세법규는 특별한 사정이 없는 한 법문대로 해석하여야 하고 합리적 이유 없이 확장·축소해석하거나 유추해석하는 것은 허용되지 않는다
Unofficial English translation
Under the principle of taxation by statute, tax statutes must, absent special circumstances, be interpreted in accordance with their text, and expansive or restrictive interpretation without reasonable grounds, or analogous interpretation, is not permitted
Factors
- 조세법률주의가 지향하는 법적 안정성 및 예측 가능성을 해치지 않는 범위 내에서 입법 취지 및 목적 등을 고려한 합목적적 해석을 하는 것이 허용된다
- ‘증여일의 판단’에 관하여는 명시적인 규정을 두고 있지 아니하다
- 구 상증세법 제32조, 제45조의5, 제60조 제1항의 내용 및 체계와 입법 취지 등을 고려하면
- 제1차 담보신탁계약상 수익권증서 발행금액인 총 324억 원은 위 토지만의 가치가 반영된 수치일 뿐이고
- 위 토지의 시가는 구 상증세법 제66조 제4호 및 구 상속세 및 증여세법 시행령(2020. 2. 11. 대통령령 제30391호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제63조 제1항 제6호, 제2항에 따라
Unofficial English translation
• A purposive interpretation that takes into account the legislative purpose and object, etc. is permitted to the extent that it does not impair the legal stability and predictability sought by the principle of taxation by statute
• There is no express provision regarding the "determination of the date of gift"
• Considering the content and system of Articles 32, 45-5, and 60 (1) of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act and the legislative purpose thereof, etc.
• The total amount of 32.4 billion won, being the issuance amount of the beneficiary certificates under the first collateral trust agreement, is merely a figure reflecting the value of the land alone, and
• the fair market value of the land, pursuant to Article 66, subparagraph 4 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act and Article 63 (1) 6 and (2) of the Enforcement Decree of the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act (as it existed before its amendment by Presidential Decree No. 30391 on February 11, 2020),
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2020. 7. 29. 선고 2019두56333 판결(공2020하, 1739)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2019Du56333 decided July 29, 2020 (Gong 2020 Ha, 1739)
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2020. 7. 29. 선고 2019두56333 판결(공2020하, 1739)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Where the certificates under a security trust were issued on a proper recalculation of the values of the land and the building standing on it, how is the market value of the land alone to be fixed for the low-price transfer?
A later Supreme Court decision fixing the gift day under Article 45-5 where the price was settled in instalments, or on a date differing from the date of the transfer, would call for this entry to be read again. So would an amendment to Article 45-5 of the former Act or to Article 34-5 of the Enforcement Decree, the current text of former Article 34-4, that states expressly how the gift day is to be judged, or record material showing that the certificates under the second security trust did recalculate the land and the building properly.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24
A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).
Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Where the certificates under a security trust were issued on a proper recalculation of the values of the land and the building standing on it, how is the market value of the land alone to be fixed for the low-price transfer?” vs Independent “How should the gift date be determined when title is registered before the purchase price is fully paid?”
The primary asks how the market value of the land alone should be fixed when the certificates were properly reissued, while the independent asks how the gift date should be set when title is registered before full payment. These are different gaps.
그럼에도 구 상증세법 제32조, 제45조의5, 제60조 제1항의 내용 및 체계와 입법 취지 등을 고려하면, 구 상증세법 제45조의5 제2항 제2호 거래의 경우 ‘증여일’로 보는 ‘거래를 한 날’이란 ‘해당 재산의 양도일’로서 ‘해당 재산의 대금을 청산한 날’이라고 봄이 타당하다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The Seoul High Court, in its judgment of 24 July 2025 (2024Nu34377), took the gift date under Article 45-5 of the former Act to be 17 May 2019, when Outsider 1 Company paid the balance and completed the transfer of title. It held that the KRW 32.4 billion of certificates under the first security trust reflected the value of the land alone, while those under the second trust had not been issued on a proper recalculation of the land and the building, so the market value was KRW 32.5 billion under Article 66(iv) of the former Act and Article 63(1)(vi) and (2) of its Enforcement Decree. It rejected the plaintiffs' claim that a request for explanation made by a Yongsan Tax Office employee in around June 2020, after the Director of the Seoul Regional Tax Office had raised findings in an internal audit, was an unlawful re-audit.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court found no error. Reading the appellate reasons against the relevant provisions, the settled law and the record, it held that the court below had not misread the law on the market value at the gift date, the valuation of property under Article 66 of the former Act, or the law on repeated tax investigations. The decisions the plaintiffs cited, Supreme Court Decisions 86Nu361, 90Nu1106, 92Nu17365 and 2013Du1850, differed in circumstances, and all the appeals were dismissed by the unanimous opinion of the Justices concerned.
Distinguishing conditions
- A transaction that is not a low-price transfer under Article 45-5(2)(ii) of the former Act, such as a gratuitous provision under item (i) or a transfer at a clearly high price under item (iii).
- A case in which the Enforcement Decree expressly provides how the gift date is to be judged for that type of transaction, since the Court supplied the meaning to fill a gap the Decree left.
- A transaction with no transfer of property and no price to settle, such as the provision of services, since the day given is the day the price of that property was settled.
Record verification notes
Confirm first which texts govern: the former Act as amended before 31 December 2019 (Act No. 16846) and its Enforcement Decree as amended before 11 February 2020 (Presidential Decree No. 30391). Then fix, for each transfer, the day its price was settled, which the Court treated as the gift date rather than the day of the contract. Finally, test the market value relied on against Article 66(iv) of the former Act and Article 63(1)(vi) and (2) of its Enforcement Decree, and ask whether the figure drawn from a trust certificate reflects the property alone, as the KRW 32.4 billion under the first trust did here.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 조세법규의 해석 원칙 및 조세법규에 관하여 합목적적 해석이 허용되는 경우 [2] 구 상속세 및 증여세법 제45조의5 제2항 제2호 거래의 경우 ‘증여일’로 보는 ‘거래를 한 날’의 의미(=해당 재산의 양도일로서 해당 재산의 대금을 청산한 날) [3] 갑 등은 을 주식회사의 대표이사 병의 자녀들로 을 회사 발행주식을 100% 보유하고 있는데, 병이 2019. 4. 10. 을 회사에 본인 소유 토지를 200억 원에 매도하고, 2019. 5. 17. 잔금을 받고 소유권이전등기를 마쳐 준 것과 관련하여, 관할 세무서장이 갑 등은 각 주식보유비율만큼 을 회사가 위 토지의 저가양수로 얻은 이익을 증여받은 것으로 보아 구 상속세 및 증여세법 제45조의5에 따라 2021. 6. 22. 갑 등에게 각 증여세 및 가산세의 부과처분을 한 사안에서, 구 상속세 및 증여세법 제45조의5에 따른 ‘증여일’을 2019. 5. 17.로 보아야 한다고 전제한 다음, 병이 을 회사에 위 토지를 200억 원에 양도한 것은 구 상속세 및 증여세법 제45조의5 제2항 제2호에서 말하는 저가양도에 해당한다고 본 원심판단을 수긍한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] Principles of interpretation of tax statutes and cases in which purposive interpretation of tax statutes is permitted [2] Meaning of "the date the transaction was made," which is regarded as the "date of gift," in the case of a transaction under Article 45-5 (2), subparagraph 2 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act (= the date of transfer of the relevant property, namely, the date on which the price of the relevant property was settled) [3] A case in which, where A and others, the children of C, the representative director of B Co., Ltd., hold 100% of the shares issued by B Co., Ltd., and C sold land owned by him to B Co., Ltd. for 20 billion won on April 10, 2019 and, upon receiving the balance of the price on May 17, 2019, completed the registration of transfer of ownership, the head of the competent tax office, regarding A and others as having received as a gift the profits B Co., Ltd. obtained by acquiring the land at an undervalue in proportion to their respective shareholding ratios, imposed assessments of gift tax and additional tax on A and others on June 22, 2021 pursuant to Article 45-5 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, and the Court affirmed the determination of the court below that, having assumed that the "date of gift" under Article 45-5 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act must be regarded as May 17, 2019, C's transfer of the land to B Co., Ltd. for 20 billion won constitutes a transfer at an undervalue as referred to in Article 45-5 (2), subparagraph 2 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act
Summary of the holding
[1] 조세법률주의 원칙상 조세법규는 특별한 사정이 없는 한 법문대로 해석하여야 하고 합리적 이유 없이 확장·축소해석하거나 유추해석하는 것은 허용되지 않는다. 다만 법규 상호 간의 해석을 통하여 그 의미를 명백히 할 필요가 있는 경우 조세법률주의가 지향하는 법적 안정성 및 예측 가능성을 해치지 않는 범위 내에서 입법 취지 및 목적 등을 고려한 합목적적 해석을 하는 것이 허용된다. [2] 구 상속세 및 증여세법(2019. 12. 31. 법률 제16846호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘구 상증세법’이라 한다) 제45조의5는 제1항에서 특수관계에 있는 자와 특정법인이 거래를 한 날을 증여일로 하여 특정법인의 주주 등에 대하여 증여의제를 하되, 구체적인 ‘증여일의 판단’은 제2항 각 호의 거래유형별로 대통령령에서 정하도록 제3항에서 위임하고 있다. 그러나 구 상속세 및 증여세법 시행령(2020. 2. 11. 대통령령 제30391호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제34조의4는 이러한 위임에 따라 ‘특정법인의 이익’, ‘현저히 낮은 대가와 현저히 높은 대가의 범위’ 등에 관하여 규정하면서도 ‘증여일의 판단’에 관하여는 명시적인 규정을 두고 있지 아니하다. 그럼에도 구 상증세법 제32조, 제45조의5, 제60조 제1항의 내용 및 체계와 입법 취지 등을 고려하면, 구 상증세법 제45조의5 제2항 제2호 거래의 경우 ‘증여일’로 보는 ‘거래를 한 날’이란 ‘해당 재산의 양도일’로서 ‘해당 재산의 대금을 청산한 날’이라고 봄이 타당하다. [3] 갑 등은 을 주식회사의 대표이사 병의 자녀들로 을 회사 발행주식을 100% 보유하고 있는데, 병이 2019. 4. 10. 을 회사에 본인 소유 토지를 200억 원에 매도하고, 2019. 5. 17. 잔금을 받았으며, 같은 날 소유권이전등기를 마쳐 준 것과 관련하여, 관할 세무서장이 갑 등은 각 주식보유비율만큼 을 회사가 위 토지의 저가양수로 얻은 이익을 증여받은 것으로 보아 구 상속세 및 증여세법(2019. 12. 31. 법률 제16846호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘구 상증세법’이라 한다) 제45조의5에 따라 2021. 6. 22. 갑 등에게 각 증여세 및 가산세의 부과처분을 한 사안에서, 구 상증세법 제45조의5에 따른 ‘증여일’을 을 회사가 병에게 잔금을 지급하고 위 토지에 관한 소유권이전등기까지 마친 2019. 5. 17.로 보아야 한다고 전제한 다음, 비록 위 날짜에 위 토지를 신탁부동산으로 하는 제1차 담보신탁계약이 해지되고 위 토지와 그 지상 건물을 신탁부동산으로 하는 제2차 담보신탁계약이 새롭게 체결되었을지라도, 제1차 담보신탁계약상 수익권증서 발행금액인 총 324억 원은 위 토지만의 가치가 반영된 수치일 뿐이고 제2차 담보신탁계약상 수익권증서는 위 토지와 건물의 가치를 제대로 재산정하여 발행된 것이 아니므로, 위 토지의 시가는 구 상증세법 제66조 제4호 및 구 상속세 및 증여세법 시행령(2020. 2. 11. 대통령령 제30391호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제63조 제1항 제6호, 제2항에 따라 제1차 담보신탁계약상 수익권증서 발행금액인 324억 원과 위 토지에 대한 임대보증금 1억 원을 합산한 325억 원으로 보아야 하며, 따라서 병이 을 회사에 위 토지를 200억 원에 양도한 것은 구 상증세법 제45조의5 제2항 제2호에서 말하는 저가양도에 해당한다고 본 원심판단을 수긍한 사례.
Order
상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고들이 부담한다.
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed. The costs of the final appeal shall be borne by the plaintiffs.
Provisions referred to
[1] 국세기본법 제18조, 지방세기본법 제20조 / [2] 구 상속세 및 증여세법(2019. 12. 31. 법률 제16846호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제32조, 제45조의5, 제60조 제1항, 구 상속세 및 증여세법 시행령(2020. 2. 11. 대통령령 제30391호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제34조의4(현행 제34조의5 참조) / [3] 구 상속세 및 증여세법(2019. 12. 31. 법률 제16846호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제32조, 제45조의5, 제60조 제1항, 제66조 제4호, 구 상속세 및 증여세법 시행령(2020. 2. 11. 대통령령 제30391호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제34조의4(현행 제34조의5 참조), 제63조 제1항 제6호, 제2항
Read 2026-10-24 · Cross-read 2026-10-24. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.
Back to the ledger