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Open Decision Ledger · Civil obligations & remedies

Suspension condition, proof of its fulfilment, and consent to a claim assignment

Supreme Court, Aug. 12, 2026, 2026Da202594 (judgment)

Case name: 렌탈계약의양수금·부당이득금

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where a rental contract takes effect only when the rental product has been taken delivery of and installed, must the assignee of the rental fee claim prove that the condition was fulfilled, and may the debtor who consented to the assignment without reserving objections assert against the assignee a ground of invalidity that arose only after the consent?

  2. Holding

    The assignee must prove it. The rental contract is a juristic act subject to a condition, so it takes effect only when the product has been installed, and the party seeking to acquire the rental fee claim bears the proof of that fulfilment, even where the debtor agreed to installation at a place other than the contractual address. And since installation was still planned when the debtor consented to the assignment, the non-installation ground of invalidity arose only afterwards and could not be foreseen with any real likelihood, so the debtor may assert it against the assignee.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    채권양도 후에 비로소 양도인에게 대항할 수 있는 사유가 발생하였고, 채무자가 채권양도를 승낙할 당시 그 대항사유가 상당한 정도로 발생할 가능성이 있음을 인식하지 못하였던 이상 채무자로서는 그 대항사유를 양수인에게 주장할 수 있다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Where a ground for asserting a defense against the assignor arose only after the assignment of the claim, and the obligor did not recognize, at the time of consenting to the assignment of the claim, the possibility that such ground for defense would arise to a considerable extent, the obligor may assert that ground for defense against the assignee.
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 수원지방법원에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Suwon District Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    당사자 사이에 조건부 법률행위가 이루어진 경우, 그 법률행위는 당해 조건이 성취되어야만 유효하고 당해 조건이 성취되지 않으면 무효로 확정된다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Where a conditional juristic act is concluded between the parties, that juristic act becomes valid only upon fulfillment of the relevant condition, and if the relevant condition is not fulfilled, it is confirmed to be void.
  5. Factors

    • 정지조건부 법률행위에서 조건이 성취되었다는 사실은 이에 의하여 권리를 취득하고자 하는 측에서 증명하여야 한다
    • 그 장소에 렌털제품이 실제로 설치되어야 렌털료 채권이 발생하므로
    • 채권양도 승낙 당시에는 렌털제품의 설치가 예정되어 있었으므로 렌털제품이 실제로 설치되지 않아 렌털계약이 무효라는 사유는 채권양도 승낙 후에 비로소 발생한 사정이라고 평가할 수 있고
    • 그 대항사유가 상당한 정도로 발생할 가능성이 있음을 인식하지 못하였던 이상

    Unofficial English translation

    • In a juristic act subject to a condition precedent, the fact that the condition has been fulfilled must be proved by the party seeking to acquire rights by virtue thereof

    • As the rental fee claim arises only where the rental product is actually installed at that location

    • as installation of the rental product was planned at the time of the consent to the assignment of the claim, the ground that the rental agreement is void because the rental product was not actually installed may be assessed as a circumstance that arose only after the consent to the assignment of the claim, and

    • insofar as the possibility that such ground for defense would arise to a considerable extent was not recognized

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2002. 10. 25. 선고 2002다25464 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2002Da25464 decided October 25, 2002

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 1983. 4. 12. 선고 81다카692 판결(공1983, 809), 대법원 2006. 12. 7. 선고 2004도3319 판결 / [2] 대법원 2002. 10. 25. 선고 2002다25464 판결

  7. Burden of proof

    The party asserting Stated in the decision

    정지조건부 법률행위에서 조건이 성취되었다는 사실은 이에 의하여 권리를 취득하고자 하는 측에서 증명하여야 한다

    Unofficial English translation

    In a juristic act subject to a condition precedent, the fact that the condition has been fulfilled must be proved by the party seeking to acquire rights by virtue thereof
  8. Open question and revisit condition

    How likely must a ground of defence have appeared to the debtor at the time of consent before it is treated as foreseeable to a considerable degree?

    The remand judgment of the Suwon District Court on whether the rental product was actually installed at the designated place would require this entry to be read again. So would a change to Article 451(1) of the Civil Act or a later decision widening or narrowing the grounds a debtor may assert against an assignee.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24

A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 8 (open question and revisit condition).

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “How likely must a ground of defence have appeared to the debtor at the time of consent before it is treated as foreseeable to a considerable degree?” vs Independent “Were the rental products actually installed at the location designated by the assignor?”

The primary asks about the threshold of foreseeability at consent, while the independent asks whether installation actually occurred.

채권양도 후에 비로소 양도인에게 대항할 수 있는 사유가 발생하였고, 채무자가 채권양도를 승낙할 당시 그 대항사유가 상당한 정도로 발생할 가능성이 있음을 인식하지 못하였던 이상 채무자로서는 그 대항사유를 양수인에게 주장할 수 있다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The Suwon District Court, in its judgment of 11 March 2026 (2025Na55476, 55477), held that the rental contract took effect even though the product was not installed at the contractual address. It relied on the defendant's answer to the company's employee that the product had been installed, and on the defendant's separate agreement consenting to installation at a place the company designated. It further held that, even if the contract had not taken effect, the defendant had consented to the assignment of the rental fee claim without reserving objections, so it could not raise that ground against the plaintiff.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court reversed. The contract is subject to a condition, so the plaintiff had to prove that the condition was met, and the court below should have examined whether the product was actually installed at the place the company designated before deciding whether the contract took effect; a telephone answer alone did not settle that. It also held that Article 451(1) of the Civil Act limits the debtor only where the ground of defence already existed or could be foreseen at the time of consent, so the debtor may raise a ground that arose only after the consent, and the court below had misread the law and failed to examine what it had to.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A case in which the rental product was in fact installed at the place designated, so that the condition was fulfilled and the assignee need prove nothing further.
  • A case in which the ground of defence already existed at the time of consent to the assignment, or in which the debtor foresaw that it was likely to arise to a considerable degree.
  • A case in which the debtor did reserve objections when consenting to the assignment, so that Article 451(1) of the Civil Act does not come into play at all.

Record verification notes

Read the rental contract first for the exact wording of the condition and the contractual installation address, then gather every record of where the product was actually installed. Separately, fix the date of the consent to the assignment and ask what the debtor knew or could have foreseen on that date, since the Court turned on that point. Note that a mediation recommendation decision confirming the contract's invalidity had already become final in Seoul Southern District Court 2024Gahap102944.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 정지조건부 법률행위에서 조건이 성취되었다는 사실에 대한 증명책임의 소재(=그 법률행위에 의하여 권리를 취득하고자 하는 측) [2] 채무자가 이의를 보류하지 않고 채권양도를 승낙하였으나, 채권양도 후 비로소 양도인에게 대항할 수 있는 사유가 발생하였고, 채무자가 채권양도를 승낙할 당시 그 대항사유가 상당한 정도로 발생할 가능성이 있음을 인식하지 못한 경우, 그 대항사유를 양수인에게 주장할 수 있는지 여부(적극) [3] 갑이 을 주식회사와 커피머신에 관한 렌털계약을 체결하면서 렌털제품이 인수되어 설치되어야 렌털계약의 효력이 발생하는 것으로 정하는 한편, 을 회사가 갑에 대해 보유하는 렌털료 채권을 병 주식회사에 양도하는 것에 관하여 아무런 이의 없이 승낙하였는데, 이후 갑이 위 렌털계약에 따라 병 회사에 렌털료를 지급할 의무가 있는지 문제 된 사안에서, 위 렌털계약은 렌털제품이 인수되어 설치된다는 조건이 성취될 때 비로소 효력이 생기는 정지조건부 법률행위에 해당하므로 렌털료 채권의 취득을 주장하는 병 회사가 위 조건이 성취되었다는 사실을 증명하여야 하고, 만일 렌털제품이 실제로 설치되지 않아 렌털계약이 무효라면 갑이 채권양도 승낙 당시 그 사유에 관하여 이의를 보류하지 않았더라도 그 사유로써 채권양수인인 병 회사에 대항할 수 있다고 한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] In a juristic act subject to a condition precedent, where the burden of proof lies as to the fact that the condition has been fulfilled (= the party seeking to acquire rights by virtue of that juristic act) [2] Where the obligor consented to the assignment of a claim without reserving objections, but a ground for asserting a defense against the assignor arose only after the assignment of the claim, and at the time the obligor consented to the assignment of the claim, the obligor did not recognize the possibility that such ground for defense would arise to a considerable extent, whether the obligor may assert that ground for defense against the assignee (affirmative) [3] In a case where, when A entered into a rental agreement with B Co., Ltd. regarding coffee machines, it was provided that the rental agreement would take effect only upon receipt and installation of the rental product, and A consented without any objection to the assignment to C Co., Ltd. of the rental fee claim held by B Co., Ltd. against A, and where the issue was whether A was obligated to pay the rental fee to C Co., Ltd. pursuant to the said rental agreement, a case holding that the said rental agreement constitutes a juristic act subject to a condition precedent whose effect arises only upon fulfillment of the condition that the rental product be received and installed, so that C Co., Ltd., which asserts the acquisition of the rental fee claim, must prove that the said condition has been fulfilled, and that if the rental product was not actually installed and the rental agreement is therefore void, A may assert that ground against C Co., Ltd., the assignee of the claim, even if A did not reserve objections as to that ground at the time of consenting to the assignment of the claim

Summary of the holding

[1] 당사자 사이에 조건부 법률행위가 이루어진 경우, 그 법률행위는 당해 조건이 성취되어야만 유효하고 당해 조건이 성취되지 않으면 무효로 확정된다. 정지조건부 법률행위에서 조건이 성취되었다는 사실은 이에 의하여 권리를 취득하고자 하는 측에서 증명하여야 한다. [2] 민법 제451조 제1항이 이의를 보류하지 않고 채권양도를 승낙한 채무자에 대하여 양도인에게 대항할 수 있는 사유로써 양수인에게 대항하지 못하도록 제한한 취지는, 이의를 보류하지 않은 승낙이 이루어진 경우 양수인은 양수한 채권에 아무런 항변권도 붙어있지 않다고 신뢰하는 것이 보통이므로 채무자의 ‘승낙’이라는 사실에 공신력을 주어 양수인의 신뢰를 보호하고 거래의 안전을 꾀하기 위한 것이다. 그런데 채무자로서는 채권양도를 승낙할 당시 양도인에게 대항할 수 있는 사유가 이미 존재하고 있거나 가까운 장래에 발생할 가능성이 있음을 예상할 수 있는 경우에만 채권양도에 관하여 이의를 보류하고 승낙할 수 있다. 따라서 채권양도 후에 비로소 양도인에게 대항할 수 있는 사유가 발생하였고, 채무자가 채권양도를 승낙할 당시 그 대항사유가 상당한 정도로 발생할 가능성이 있음을 인식하지 못하였던 이상 채무자로서는 그 대항사유를 양수인에게 주장할 수 있다. [3] 갑이 을 주식회사와 커피머신에 관한 렌털계약을 체결하면서 렌털제품이 인수되어 설치되어야 렌털계약의 효력이 발생하는 것으로 정하는 한편, 을 회사가 갑에 대해 보유하는 렌털료 채권을 병 주식회사에 양도하는 것에 관하여 아무런 이의 없이 승낙하였는데, 이후 갑이 위 렌털계약에 따라 병 회사에 렌털료를 지급할 의무가 있는지 문제 된 사안에서, ① 위 렌털계약은 ‘렌털제품이 인수되어 설치된다.’는 조건이 성취될 때 비로소 효력이 생기는 정지조건부 법률행위에 해당하므로 렌털료 채권의 취득을 주장하는 병 회사가 위 조건이 성취되었다는 사실을 증명하여야 하는데, 갑이 을 회사와의 별도 약정을 통해 렌털제품이 계약상 설치장소가 아닌 을 회사가 지정하는 다른 장소에 설치되는 것에 동의하였다고 하더라도 그 장소에 렌털제품이 실제로 설치되어야 렌털료 채권이 발생하므로, 을 회사가 지정한 장소에 렌털제품이 실제로 설치되었는지를 심리하여 렌털계약의 효력 발생 여부를 판단하여야 하며, ② 한편 위 채권양도 승낙 당시에는 렌털제품의 설치가 예정되어 있었으므로 렌털제품이 실제로 설치되지 않아 렌털계약이 무효라는 사유는 채권양도 승낙 후에 비로소 발생한 사정이라고 평가할 수 있고, 갑이 채권양도 승낙 당시 위와 같은 사정이 상당한 정도로 발생할 가능성이 있음을 인식하였다고 볼 만한 근거도 찾기 어려우므로, 렌털제품이 실제로 설치되지 않아 렌털계약이 무효라면 갑이 채권양도 승낙 당시 그 사유에 관하여 이의를 보류하지 않았더라도 그 사유로써 채권양수인인 병 회사에 대항할 수 있다고 한 사례.

Order

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 수원지방법원에 환송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Suwon District Court.

Provisions referred to

[1] 민법 제147조 제1항, 민사소송법 제288조[증명책임] / [2] 민법 제451조 제1항 / [3] 민법 제147조 제1항, 제451조 제1항

Read 2026-10-24 · Cross-read 2026-10-24. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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